Rossi Blog Reader
This website tracks recent postings to Andrea Rossi's
Journal of Nuclear Physics,
sorting the entries with priority to Rossi's answers, which appear under each question.
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• Updated: 2026-06-14 13:50:10.133078Z
Dr Rossi,
so IF the SSM will be born any kind of electric load or series of loads will be powerable by the Ecat, provided their combined power does not exceed the Ecat’s power ?
Anonymous:
IF, yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for the confirmation about the AC socket on the proposed NGU. Do you think there will be the option for more than one AC socket on an NGU unit?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Surely there will be multiple sockets, depending on the power of the assembly: obviously the load cannot overcome the power of the specific assembly; in case of overload, the Ecat will automatically be turned off by the protection circuits,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
There is a desire among some of the retail customers of the NGU to supply an inverter function. That design may be too advanced for the NGU to meet at this point in NGU development and expose the partner to legal issues. Here is why:
A modern “intelligent” or smart inverters rely heavily on microprocessors to handle complex, real-time calculations that older, passive inverters simply couldn’t do.
While a basic inverter just changes Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC), an intelligent inverter acts as a dynamic computer that communicates with and stabilizes the electrical grid.
Why Smart Inverters Require a Microprocessor
Executing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithms: Solar panels and batteries constantly shift their power output based on sunlight and temperature. The microprocessor runs Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms milliseconds apart to calculate and extract the absolute maximum efficiency from the energy source.
Grid Synchronization (Phase and Frequency Matching): An intelligent inverter cannot just dump AC power into the grid. Its microprocessor continuously samples the grid’s voltage waveform and matches its own output frequency and phase perfectly to avoid catastrophic short circuits.
Autonomous Grid Support: Microprocessors allow inverters to perform “volt-VAR” and “volt-watt” regulations. If grid voltage spikes or drops, the microprocessor automatically adjusts its reactive or active power output to smooth out the grid without human intervention.
Anti-Islanding Safety: If the main utility grid goes down for maintenance, a standard inverter could accidentally keep feeding live electricity into the wires, risking linemen’s lives. The microprocessor instantly detects grid failure (within milliseconds) and safely disconnects itself.
Edge Computing and Communication: Microprocessors enable smart inverters to talk to utility operators via cellular, Wi-Fi, or mesh networks, allowing power companies to remotely throttle generation or aggregate thousands of residential inverters into a Virtual Power Plant (VPP).
The Types of Microprocessors Used Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): These are specialized chips optimized for ultra-fast, math-heavy operations. They handle the rapid pulse-width modulation (PWM) needed to shape smooth AC sine waves.
Microcontrollers (MCUs): Chips like the ARM Cortex-M or Texas Instruments C2000 handle the system-level logic, safety features, communications, and user interfaces.
A basic “dumb” inverter does not require a microprocessor just to power standard home appliances.
Before cheap microchips existed, inverters relied entirely on analog circuits to convert DC battery power into usable AC power. Today, budget-friendly dumb inverters still use these simpler methods. Instead of a microprocessor, a basic inverter uses a combination of dedicated analog components.
What a Dumb Inverter Cannot Do
Without a microprocessor, the inverter loses its “situational awareness”:
It cannot grid-tie: A dumb inverter cannot sync its electrical wave with the utility company. If you plug it into an active wall outlet, it will instantly blow up. It can only be used “off-grid” to power isolated appliances.
It has poor voltage regulation: If you plug in a heavy load (like a refrigerator), the voltage output will sag significantly because the analog circuit cannot adjust its timing dynamically to compensate for the drop.
Basic safety shutdowns: It still has safety features (like overload protection), but these are triggered by simple analog comparators—similar to how a basic thermostat clicks off when a physical strip of metal gets too hot.
Axil:
Thank you for your analysis,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Olaf
@Frank Acland: great question !
@Andrea Rossi: great answer !
@Jean Paul Renoir
‘the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket’
I have just hammered the UK government for proposing this.
It is about the dangers of ‘reverse power’.
I will let the Germans explain:
I have now found what I was searching for: An explanation of what the Germans have done about plug-in solar safety.
Germany leads in this regard. I applaud their rigour. Ministers in the DESNZ must follow suit and mandate bidirectional RCBO devices[1:] installed by a qualified electrician on all circuits. One circuit is no use at all because a 13amp plug can be easily moved from socket to socket.
I have four circuits(oven, garage and two ring mains) with 13amp sockets on my home’s Consumer Unit, so in excess of £400 is needed plus electrician’s charge for fitting, then you can add the cost of the plug-in solar kit. A couple of extras like the panel brackets and you easily reach £1000 for the minimum total cost.
===============================
websearch: balkon kraftwerk sicherheit
https://www.vattenfall.de/infowelt-energie/solar/balkonkraftwerk-sicherheit
Translated from German by Google translate, so some of the text is a little strange:
German security requirements:
Will an FI switch be mandatory for balcony power plants?
The FI switch is a protective device in the circuit that can save lives. “F” means error and ‘I’ is the formula sign for current. In the event of fault currents, the FI automatically switches off the current. It works like this:
The FI switch measures the difference between the inflowing and outflowing current in the circuit. For this purpose, it compares the values from the current-carrying conductor and the neutral conductor.
If the FI switch detects a difference between current inflow and outflow of up to 0.3 amps, it interrupts the power supply within a maximum of 0.3 seconds.
This protects people and buildings from electrical damage and injuries.
Good to know:
The FI switch belongs to the group of residual current devices (RCD). He has several protective tasks:
An FI switch protects people from electrical shocks
It protects the electrical installation from damage, e.g. by moisture
The FI is used for fire protection
The VDE prescribes a FI switch for all circuits. However, this duty has grown historically. If you live in an older existing building, your electrical installation may not have a FI switch. If you are not sure, have the network checked by an electrical specialist.
============================================
[1:] A bi-directional RCD (or RCBO) is an electrical safety device capable of detecting and interrupting fault currents regardless of the direction the electricity is flowing. Unlike traditional devices that only protect one-way flow, these are critical for modern homes with two-way power (like solar panels, EV chargers, and battery storage)
Paul Dodgshun:
Please read my answer to Mats Heijkenskjold published minutes ago,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
“Frank Acland:
You are correct,
Warm Regards,”
How about the solar inverter integration? Possibilities?
Regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Mats Heijkenskjold:
The Ecat SSM is supposed to be totally independent from any other energy sources: it powers its loads independently, without any connections with the grid or with solar panels. To make such a connection are necessary authorizations by the grid provider, subject to local legalities that will make necessary legal activity to respect all the laws and will be necessary the help of experts of the matter and of the specific situations for the connections.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Jean Paul Renoir
I’m with you,
Olaf
@Frank Acland: great question !
@Andrea Rossi: great answer !
JPR
Dear Andrea,
Am I correct in understanding that if it works as you hope, the SSM E-Cat would have a normal AC socket built in that you can plug any normal electronic device into?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
You are correct,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Maurice
I agree with you in total,
Weleda
Dr Rossi,
I understand from your answers here that, possibly, the global presentation will be made with an Ecat NGU without any power source than a small battery of 12 V for the start, like a car, that serves for few seconds to start the Ecat, likee in a car, and eventually is recharged by the same Ecat, like the engine of a car recharges the battery, and after that the Ecat NGU produces electric energy at 230 V 50 Hz, of which only a small part is used by the same Ecat to power itself while the big part is at disposal to power any load, so that the COP between the electricity generated by the Ecat and the energy consumed by the same Ecat from any other power source other than itself is x/0 ?
That would be the most important invention not of the century, but of the millennia.
Ad majora, as impossible as it might be,
Maurice
Maurice:
Possibly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Pauline
I totally agree with you
Cheers
Rick
Dr Rossi,
How many patents did you make to protect the Ecat, even in the new version SSM, in the world ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
As of today 218,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
I navigated with empathy all the paragraphs of the website
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
It is unbelievable how from all those obstacles you survived resilient and made the Ecat: now I can understand why you dubbed it NGU ( Never Give Up ). I am anxious to buy my Ecat.
Cheers
Pauline
Pauline:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
since the SSM-Ecat tests are going well, can we hope that the global presentation and delivery might start as early as summer/autumn? Or, assuming everything goes as planned, what would be the earliest possible date for the first deliveries?
Best regards
Zimmermann
Zimmermann:
As I already said, the expected time is December 2026/ January 2026, IF tests proceed as they are going SO FAR,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Is it more likely that the global presentation will be for the high COP Ecat or of the SSM version ?
Ambrogio:
I hope the SSM version, because the tests are proceeding positively, SO FAR,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
I hope you realize that you are not restricted to just one global presentation. For example look at Apple, they have had a whole series of presentation in their history, e.g. for the Macintosh computer, for the iPod, for the iPhone, for the iPad, and they continue to present new products. So if SSM is not ready, you could first present the heater, and later present the SSM when it has been perfected.
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A weak spot in the Partners development effort is control since the NGU must be supervised by human operators continually.
In the next revision of the stand alone NGU design (500 watt and 1,000 watt board), a microprocessor might provide the control that the NGU requires. If the partner does not have the development expertise to implement a current level of microprocessor design control, the partner can solicit design that has that expertise in-house electronics design to support a complex, real-time 32-bit digital microprocessor control loop, they can leverage established global Engineering Design Services (EDS) and Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) partners.
Examples of Global Manufacturing & Power Engineering Partners
Plexus Corp. (Product Design and Engineering Services)
The Specialty: Plexus operates a “Product Realization” model, specializing in taking abstract functional requirements and turning them into highly complex, commercially compliant hardware. They dominate industries like aerospace, defense, and advanced industrial equipment where complex control loops, strict fault isolation, and safety certifications are required.
The Expertise: They have dedicated power electronics labs that can design the 6 oz heavy-copper planar layouts, simulate the 50 kHz digital current-mode control loops, and build automated SMT lines for the 100W, 500W, and 1,000W tiers.
Jabil Inc. (Smart Energy & Power Conversion Division)
The Specialty
Jabil is one of the largest hardware design and manufacturing contractors in the world. Crucially, they maintain a massive, dedicated division for Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Conversion Products. They regularly engineer and manufacture grid-tied inverters, EV traction power stages, and smart-grid infrastructure.
The Expertise: They are world leaders in wide-bandgap Gallium Nitride (GaN) engineering. They can easily execute a 1000 watt NGU board using the 10-phase parallel-interleaved hardware layout, write the embedded microcode for the dual-path arbitration loops, and scale production to millions of units.
Global Component-Backed Design Partners
Arrow Electronics (Arrow Engineering Services)
The Specialty
Arrow is far more than a components supplier; they operate deep industrial engineering design divisions worldwide. They maintain direct, tier-1 technical partnerships with Texas Instruments (the maker of the assigned C2000 MCU) and Efficient Power Conversion (EPC) (the maker of the assigned GaN FET matrix).
The Expertise
Arrow’s embedded software engineers can write the exact microcode for the Variable-Frequency Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) algorithm, while their layout engineers optimize the PCB to maintain a low thermal signature.
Avnet Embedded / EBV Elektronik
The Specialty
Similar to Arrow, Avnet operates high-level design houses that act as an external R&D arm for technology companies.
The Expertise: They specialize in taking conceptual “Software Buffer Management” specifications and translating them into hardened, bulletproof embedded code for real-time microprocessors.
How to Protect the Proprietary NGU Intellectual Property (IP)
The core business benefit of using one of these technology partners is that Dr. Rossi does not have to share or explain the proprietary physics of the NGU vacuum energy extraction.
To protect his IP, he can leverage a engineering specification framework to draft a safe, closed-box Request for Proposal (RFP).
DR. Rossi can simply describes the project to the engineers as a standard Contract Design for an Intelligent DC-Link Power Conditioner / Active Bus Stabilizer:
The Input Parameter: A highly volatile, erratic, stochastic pulsed DC source peaking at 84 Amps (which the partner can simulate on a test bench using a programmable arbitrary waveform generator).
The Output Parameter: A tightly regulated, low-ripple 12.0V DC rail.
The Mandate
Ultra-high efficiency low heat production to minimize thermal dissipation, integrated supercapacitor buffering, and an automated dual-path microprocessor startup loop.
HIRING THE EXPERTS
The Strategy
It takes lots of time for the partner to develop in house expertise to write the computer programming or lay out the advanced circuit tracks internally, they don’t have to guess or build it alone. They can hire elite external engineering firms like Arrow, Jabil, or Plexus to teach them as they do the work.
What They Do
They act as an “Engineering Special Forces Unit.” Dr. Rossi hands them the a spec, and their professional circuit layout designers and software programmers will build the prototypes, code the Texas Instruments chip, and prep the automated factory robots.
The IP Shield:
Dr. Rossi doesn’t have to explain how the NGU makes electricity. He just tells the engineering company: “Here is a box that spits out messy, jumpy electrical noise. Build me a smart circuit card that snaps directly into that box and cleans the flow into a steady 12V battery line without getting warm and is self powered (SSM) by that input power.”
Axil:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
Either you will make a global presentation of the Ecat with the SSM, or without it, but with a relevant overunit, that will be the most important invention of the last centuries; good luck !
Asae Inoue
Asae Inoue:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I don’t see a direct correlation between achieved SSM and Ecat’s ability to directly produce easily usable AC.
Please provide a simple explanation.
Regards Svein
Svein:
It’ll be surely understood at the global presentation, because to give an exhaustive answer now it would make necessary the disclosure of information so far restricted.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
You recently wrote of the “the high Voltage made by the Ecat”. A few years back I recall of condensors being especially made for the Ecat.
1) Can you confirm these custom made condensors?
2) Are they required to deal with the high voltage?
Thank you
Steve D.:
This information is restricted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
I like your answer to Ecat Enthusiast,
Ad majora !
Romina
Romina:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
P.S.
Your comment is the #73000 of this blog
Dr. Rossi:
How long does the SSM have to run without problems before you can say it is acceptable to deliver to customers?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
I already answered. We are still close, but not there, therefore we cannot fathom a date. I hope within December 2026/January 2027 we will be ready to deliver the public presentation and the sales to the public, but this is a hope, not an engagement; surely we would be ready to deliver the non SSM Ecat to make heat by the Joule Effect converting into heat the high Voltage made by the Ecat, but this is a plan B, not our first choice, for obvious reasons, albeit this formula would already be ready to go. We made dramatic improvements during these last weeks.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea Rossi@Ecat Enthusiast:
That’s it ! Show a reliably working Ecat ready to be delivered, and that’s all we need,
Best
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
I do agree,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
You said today you have achieved great results in your work on SSM, but you are not there yet. How will you know if you have finally succeeded with it?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
Just watching it working perfectly and with high reliability,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
2026-06-04 13:08 Axil
“The Partner is making a catastrophic error by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system: here is why:”
I very much agree!
Mats Heijkenskjold
Dr Rossi
You still think there is a possibility thet the SSM will be reached within January 2027 ?
Best JPR
Jean Paul Renoir:
We are reaching great results during these very days about the SSM solution; we are getting closer, but “IF AND WHEN” is still a foreword,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6936971B2/en
The patent for ball lightning which is another term for pico clusters and EVOs that were produced by Kiril Chukanov. These EVOs were macroscopic in size so that their internal structure could be observed.
Kiril Chukanov calls the pico cluster a quantum macro object.
Kiril Chukanov’s patented quantum macro object, or ball lightning, is described as a stable, macroscopic “pico cluster” with a two-dimensional, impenetrable nucleonic nucleus that behaves as a superconductor. This structureless object, often generated from plasma via high-frequency radiation, maintains structural integrity through a precise balance of nuclear and electromagnetic forces, allowing it to interact with surroundings as a solid, deformable body rather than a standard plasma. The invention claims that this “quantum macro object” provides a high-density, energy-releasing source that can be harnessed for practical, low-cost power generation and acceleration technologies.
This is a descriptive excerpt:
The quantum macro object of the present invention may be created from the surrounding air if certain conditions are met that allow existing electrons to fill quantum energy levels, En, where n represents the quantum number of a particular electron. Preferably however, the creation of the quantum object is facilitated through the use of a plasma generated from a gaseous substance exposed to high frequency radiation. The high frequency field and high temperature facilitate the release of electrons with an initial velocity and energy of V1 and E1 respectively. Importantly, as conditions are met causing the various atomic nuclei to form into a macro positively charged nucleus, the associated electrons, because of Pauli’s exclusion principle, are forced to jump to the highest quantum energy levels, thereby becoming “quantum electrons.” In other words, these electrons suddenly receive additional energy, or potential energy, that is not derived from their immediate environment, but is a free gift of nature. This additional potential energy may be released or converted to quantum energy when these electrons are acted upon by some external source. Thus, the practical applications of being able to contain and channel this energy are immediately apparent.
It is not possible to isolate a volume in ordinary plasma. Plasma particles (electrons and atomic nuclei) cannot be captured by a holding force. They diffuse unobstructed into the surrounding atmosphere. The quantum macro object of the present invention is a structureless nuclear component that forms a metastable homogenous compact body with well-defined section boundaries. The structureless nuclear component cannot mix with the atoms of the atmosphere, which are separate and distinguished as individuals, even though the quantum macro object plasma can be penetrated by atmospheric atoms. The quantum macro object is an autonomous body.
The quantum macro object is a stable body. This stability results from the nuclear forces underlying its “destructive” strength, as well as the balance between the creative (nuclear) forces of attraction and the destructive forces of repulsion (electromagnetic forces). The radius of activity of the forces of attraction is only R<Rk,p while the forces of repulsion are unlimited, meaning, of course, unlimited when there is no “screen” created by particles with opposite charges. If the quantum macro object releases its negative charge, or only part of it, then it will be destroyed under the electromagnetic forces of repulsion. If, for example, one electron is isolated from each atom of 1 cm3 air, and if the isolated electrons are placed at a distance equal to 1 cm., an enormous force of attraction between electrons and positive ions will be created. The pressure resulting from the repulsion force between the same electrical charges within the charged volume will also be enormous. Thus, it is absolutely impossible to have considerable division between electric charges in ordinary plasma. However, this same situation becomes a possibility with the quantum macro object.
The quantum macro object is a material continuum with no discrete particles. The substance of the quantum macro object (atoms, molecules, clusters) is not neutral. Moreover, the quantum macro object is a very good conductor of electricity. Its contact with charged conductors initiates very powerful emissions instantaneously. In short, the quantum macro object is a superconductor. If a current from an external source is induced from the exterior, it will circulate within the quantum macro object endlessly unless there is a leak.
The most mysterious aspect of natural ball lightning is the source of its energy. Readers who are interested in the problem are acquainted with numerous hypotheses attempting to explain the source of its proposed colossal energy. None, however, can explain all of the peculiarities in ball lightning's behavior. Some hypotheses suggest that the energy comes from within the sphere of ball lightning-that it is somehow stored in the form of chemical or physical energy. However, evaluating the maximum value of the potential energy shows that it is no higher than the energy necessary for the complete ionization of the atoms, which is much lower than the destructive energy unleashed by ball lightning that witnesses have observed. A second set of hypotheses suggests that the energy source exists outside of the sphere of ball lightning and reaches the sphere by an electric guide or a wave-guide. This hypothesis is also unsatisfactory. To compensate for the losses received within the volume occupied by the ball lightning requires that the wave-guide or current channel possess enormous energy-about 100 Wt/cm2.
Like ball lightning, the quantum macro object of the present invention also is believed to possess enormous energy potential. The quantum macro object, because of the quick and complete ionization of its atoms, appears to be below the bottom quantum boundary Rk,p (point 3 in FIG. 1). In this state, it is “hidden,” undetermined. It has no contact with the surrounding, determined world and remains unnoticed. To escape its isolation and at the same time to preserve the density of its substance (R=R3) unchanged, the quantum macro object appears on the bottom boundary kp at point 2. But its very appearance in the determined world is accompanied by an additional energy ΔE, which is not taken from the ordered world but which is sort of a quantum gift of nature. Within the limits of ΔR=Rk,p,1−Rk,p,3, this seeming violation of the law of energy preservation is permitted.
The idea of a violation of the law of energy preservation is not new but this violation concerns only the restriction: ΔE×Δt≧h. It is believed that within the span of Δt quantum time, so-called virtual particles could be initiated, a process which, in itself, violates the law of energy preservation. However, in the course of this quantum time span, all energies are restored. The quantum moment ends with no losses or extra energy.
Although the quantum nuclear component has no definite internal structure as its individual atomic nuclei are melded together and undistinguishable, the electron component of the plasma, however, after quick ionization, is transformed into regular electron plasma comprising a plurality of individual free electrons. The structureless nuclear component of the quantum macro object is not only superfluid in quality but also has properties of heat superconductivity. The quantum macro object is one body (a macro atom) and the electrons are in a single electron cloud characterized by the collective motions of the electrons and the satisfaction of Pauli's exclusion principle. The electrons in the electron cloud cannot be in an equal quantum state. What distinguishes the separate electrons in the electron cloud is their different energies. All energy levels around the Fermi surface are occupied by electrons.
Another unique characteristic of the quantum macro object is its nucleus. It is believed by the inventor that the nucleus is a two-dimensional object because a quantum material object can only be in a “closed two-dimensional formation.” The proton (nucleon) component of the quantum macro object is “open to the outside.” It has a sharp line of demarcation separating this two-dimensional object from the surrounding environment.
During some experiments, the quantum macro object was touched with a metal stick. In this experiment, the metal stick could not penetrate into the nucleus because the nucleus possessed no volume. Instead, the nucleus was deformed by the metal stick. Thus, the quantum macro object behaved like a solid. During these experiments, the dimensions of the surface of the nucleus did not change either. The quantum macro object nucleus is “closed to the inside,” therefore, no macro-material formation can penetrate through the quantum surface.
When observing the quantum macro object experimentally, the macro nucleus and the electron cloud are perfectly visible and distinguished from one another. In several of these experiments (using a quartz dielectric container and air as the gaseous substance), the color of the electron cloud was orange. The nucleus was observed as having a sharp spherical boundary between the orange-colored electron cloud and the volume of gas closed by this quantum boundary. Using various levels of input power, the quantum macro object may become transparent. In this state, the quantum macro object radiates a lot of heat, but no shining plasma formations are visible in its volume. This experiment provides a very good visual illustration of the two-dimensional structure of the nucleus of the quantum macro object.
The nucleus of the quantum macro object is also impermeable to electrical current. In one experiment, a rather weak high voltage current (in some experiments: U=15,000 volts, I=0.01 amps) was used to create an arc discharge between two electrodes. Instead of penetrating the nucleus and taking the shortest route between two points (the electrodes), the electrical current traveled around the nucleus of the quantum macro object, thus sort of “sliding” along the surface of the nucleus.
Several experiments have led the inventor to formulate many beliefs about the quantum macro object. First, the quantum macro object is a giant macro atom composed of a two-dimensional quantum nucleonic nucleus and a three-dimensional electronic shelf. Second, the quantum macro object is an unusual material object behaving much like a material point in space. On the quantum surface of this two-dimensional material body, there are no differentiated points or areas. Third, the nucleus of the quantum macro object is a closed two-dimensional material formation, which can be deformed without changing the volume of the surface. Fourth, it is not possible to create the quantum macro object between two closed surfaces (like ordinary plasma). Fifth, the surface of the nucleus of the quantum macro object is much like a mirror in which every particle can see its counterpart.
The quantum macro object as a source of energy has overwhelming advantages. It is believed that it will produce quantities of very cheap energy, may be used to construct very powerful electron accelerators, require no burning of fossil fuels, create no waste products, create no environmental hazards, be safe to use, and be technically simple to manufacture, maintain, and adapt to commercial and household use.
—————————————
Note: Kiril Chukanov poked the domain wall with a metal stick and failed to pernitrate into the interior of the cluster.
Axil:
Thank you for your contributions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Why does the domain wall of the pico cluster shield particle emissions?
https://share.google/aimode/kR934jX5bbJozbW7z
The link to the AI response functions in this duplicate Post:
https://e-catworld.com/2026/05/30/rossi-on-important-developments-with-ssm/#comment-6884985673
Upon reading some of the theory contained within the article: “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics, I wondered why no gamma radiation or heat is produced by the pico clusters that are central to the competing theory of the vacuum reaction as formulated by Dr. Rossi et al, I asked the AI as follows:
Why does a domain wall that confine a exciton polariton condensate (aka Exotic Vacuum Object – EVO) selectively shield photonic radiation to coherent light but exclude gamma and heat that occurs within from observation?
and
Does the Gross-Pitaevskii equations used to model domain boundaries predict selective photon transparency through a domain wall?
The AI response as follows:
https://share.google/aimode/sPJMHXaIhLbX7MYZI
The Partner is making a catastrophic error by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system: here is why:
In summery, by incorporating an internal inverter within the NGU system, the the NGU assumes the responsibility for grid stability with entails lots of complications, software, additional hardware, testing, and the exposure to assuming the blame for a failure of the grid.
My late post might have failed to convey the possible consequences in placing an inverter inside the NGU system, so I will try again to be clear:
To protect grids from widespread failures like the unprecedented cascading voltage collapse on the Iberian Peninsula, the electrical system needs upgraded technology to manage rapid changes in power flows. Experts emphasize that the failure was primarily a management and coordination issue—not an inherent fault of non rotating power sources like the NGU solar or wind.
Preventing future failures requires the following interventions:
Grid-Forming Inverters:
Modernize wind, solar, NGU with internal inverters and battery facilities with grid-forming inverters. Unlike older inverters that simply track the grid that the partner now assumes is its only responsibility, these new required inverters establish their own stable voltage and frequency references, effectively mimicking the grid-stabilizing inertia of traditional power plants.
Dynamic Voltage Support:
Mandate that all power sources, including renewables and battery storage, actively regulate grid voltage. Historically, only conventional thermal plants were permitted to provide this support.
Its possible that the authorities will require the new grid managing inverters be tested before the NGU is allowed to be sold.
Large-Scale Energy Storage:
Deploy substantial grid-scale battery storage and pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. These systems can rapidly inject or absorb power to prevent extreme over-voltage and frequency oscillations.
Stringent Grid Codes:
Update and strictly enforce operational rules so that generation units don’t all disconnect simultaneously during initial system disturbances, as happened in Spain. This is likely to include the NGU power generators.
Enhanced Grid Coordination:
Update grid management software to include high-speed, automated decision-making support, allowing operators to react to frequency or voltage anomalies in milliseconds. The newly required smart inverter inside the NGU is likely to include a microprocessor that executes a complicated grid coordination protocol that could make manufacturing the NGU problematic.
For further details on how regulatory frameworks can prevent these imbalances, you can explore
The official European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) reports on the Iberian blackout.
https://www.entsoe.eu/
Dear Readers :
Today have been published on the Journal of Nuclear Physics the 5 chapters of “A Comprehensive Conceptual Framework for LENR” by Bhagirath Joshi, University of Lowell (UMass Lowell), Doctoral Research, Physics.
The Journal of Nuclear Physics Editorial Commettee
The AC grid is incompatible with green energy as the total grid failure that occurred during Spain’s blackout shows. The NGU is green energy. As the NGU produces a higher percentage of grid power, the grid will become increasing unstable unless rotational synchronization and battery power storage is increased.
See
https://share.google/aimode/gSFqwZzLLv7VIMZ7p
Axil:
Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
From a birthday congratulatory letter dated June 3, 2026:
… As you mentioned in your recent correspondence, these days are marked by significant developments within your research and development activities, developments that may finally open a path toward resolving the SSM question. It is truly fascinating to observe the pace and scope of the technological progress currently taking place.
From what I have been able to ascertain, the Large Computational Engineering Model known as Noyron presently stands almost alone at the forefront of this emerging field of engineering innovation. In a recent interview, Josefine Lissner remarked that the system is often, and somewhat misleadingly, described as »Artificial Intelligence«.
Personally, I tend to regard it rather as the modern evolution of knowledge- and rule-based symbolic AI systems, an approach that was already being explored during the expert-systems initiatives of the 1980s, particularly in Japan. Whereas those early efforts were primarily concerned with preserving and making accessible the accumulated knowledge and experience of highly specialized experts, Noyron appears to assume, on an entirely new scale, the role traditionally fulfilled by generations of engineers. Through its integration with advanced additive manufacturing technologies, it is capable of bringing into existence highly sophisticated and specialized designs whose realization would have been extraordinarily difficult only a few years ago. …
Hagord:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Regarding the desires of customers like 2026-06-02 04:28 Mats Heijkenskjold…
Would the partner consider making an internal inverter an option for those who already have an inverter that is being used in the solar system?
Axil:
Thank you for your insights,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
You would think that extracting lots a power from the vacuum would eventually reduce the power density of the vacuum that is available for harvesting as time goes on. But evaporating micro black holes theory states that vacuum energy production increases until a chain reaction occurs that leads to an explosion.
This contrast between these two perspectives highlights a fundamental divide in how alternative energy models and theoretical physics treat the energy density of the vacuum.
If you view the quantum vacuum as a finite reservoir, extracting power would logically deplete it locally. However, if the underlying mechanism mimics an evaporating micro black hole, the thermodynamic rules change completely, turning a steady draw into an explosive runaway reaction.
Local Energy Sinks: In standard thermodynamics, extracting work from a system requires a gradient. If a device draws massive amounts of energy out of a localized region of space, it creates a local energy deficit.
The Refill Rate
For the power density to remain constant, the vacuum would need to “refill” itself instantly. If the speed of this replenishment is limited by the speed of light or quantum diffusion rates, a high-draw device would eventually choke itself out, suffering from localized power density decay over time.
The Micro Black Hole Perspective (The Runaway Chain Reaction)
Hawking Radiation Mechanics
According to Stephen Hawking’s equations, the power output of a black hole is inversely proportional to the square of its mass. As a micro black hole loses mass via radiation, it does not slow down; it shrinks.
The Thermal Runaway
As the micro black hole gets smaller, its temperature rises, causing it to evaporate and radiate energy at an exponentially faster rate. The smaller it gets the more power it pumps into the surrounding vacuum.
The Final Explosion
This feedback loop behaves exactly like a chain reaction. In its final fractions of a second, the evaporation rate goes to infinity, releasing the remaining mass-energy in a violent, high-energy burst of gamma rays and particles.
The Intersection with Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs)
Localized Spacetime Warping
Some alternative energy theorists suggest that high-density electron clusters or EVOs alter local spacetime metrics, creating microscopic gravitational anomalies or artificial horizons.
The Containment Challenge
If an energy device accidentally triggers a micro black hole style evaporation process inside a lab, managing the power output becomes a massive engineering hurdle. Instead of trying to extract more energy, the primary challenge changes to preventing the accelerating reaction from triggering a localized thermal explosion.
Axil:
The characteritics of the Ecat and its optionals will be described at the global presentation; we are wotking hard and everyday we have an improvement.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Why I asked about DC from the ecat was exactly what paul dodgshun wrote about reverse power.
My idea earlier before your “trouble” was to use a solarinverter which was certified for the grid.
The input power should come from ecat DC.
Output 230V AC 50Hz in sync with grid and reverse power protection.
My preorder is 3 kW and at that time I considered 30pcs 100W units in serie resulting in about 360 V DC, (not any inverter “inside” the ecat), fed into the inverter.
Andrea what do you think of that? Is it still not thinkable?
Best regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Mats Heijkenskjold:
We are following a different path that will be disclosed at the public presentation,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The see the AI details by viewing the duplicate post for 2026-06-01 16:57 Axil
see
https://e-catworld.com/2026/05/30/rossi-on-important-developments-with-ssm/#comment-6883634615
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have tried to make the problem with reverse power clear.
In a simple AC(Alternating Current) system with a generator at one end and a load at the other end of a connecting wire, the CURRENT FLOW REVERSES at frequencies of about 50Hz or 60Hz but the POWER FLOWS in just ONE direction from generator to load. Consequences follow.
If you fit a UNI-directional protection device into the wire, the device could work correctly with power flow in one direction and will likely fail or malfunction with the flow reversed. Fit a BI-directional protection device that accepts power flow in BOTH directions, then all is well.
The UK government has just woken up to the basic fact that the homes in the UK are fitted with just unidirectional protection devices and allowing homes to fit reverse power devices, including plug-in solar(or NGUs), is just crazy. The UNI-directional devices must be replace with BI-directional devices before reverse power devices can be fitted, but 25 million home owners in the UK will not know this. As things stand there is no market in the UK for plug-in solar or plug-in NGUs which explains why all the retail websites claim to be sold out.
Paul Dodgshun:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
SSM implies a profound change in the nature of a multi board system.
For example in a multi board system, starting up using an external power source is difficult. When the board is self powered, it comes up asynchronously and joins the collective asynchronously. The self powered board senses that at least one board has become active by sensing power on the output power buss. This initiates and individual boards startup.
If an external power source is used, an additional power line is required in addition to the output power buss.
See
https://share.google/aimode/h5vh34D1gYGqm8os9
I am pleased to see that SSM has been achieved.
Axil:
Thank you for your support, but I must repeat that we are close to the SSM, but still not there,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Putting the inverter inside the NGU is a bad move. That additional inverter componentry will make the NGU less available and less maintainable. It also makes the NGU more difficult to manufacture. Kept it simple!
It seems strange that the interface between NGU units is VAC. There is the AC synchronization issue (matching phase, frequency, and voltage amplitudes) to deal with. With VDC there is no problem stinging NGU units together internally. It must be that VDC is used to interface all NGU boards until final output where and internal inverter is employed to interface with the user.
I ask the AI
if the NGU produces 100 watts, what is the NGU comparison cost between dc syncing and ac syncing
At a low power level of 100 Watts per NGU, DC syncing is significantly cheaper than AC syncing, provided you are pooling into a low-voltage DC bus (like 24V or 48V DC).
At 100W, the expensive “high-voltage DC safety penalties” (like arc-flash risks) disappear. This allows you to use cheap, mass-produced low-voltage electronics. AC syncing at 100W requires a full inverter stage on every individual board, making it less cost-effective at this micro-scale.
Per-Unit Hardware Bill of Materials (BOM) Cost
• Low-Voltage DC Syncing Cost: ~$2 to $5 per NGU
o Components needed: One Schottky blocking diode (or a cheap “ideal diode” MOSFET controller) to prevent back-feeding, a small filtering capacitor, and a low-voltage automotive-grade fuse.
o Why it’s cheap: The parts are microscopic and cost cents. 100W at 48V DC is only about 2 Amps of current.
• AC Syncing Cost: ~$15 to $25 per NGU
o Components needed: Four high-voltage switching MOSFETs (H-bridge), dedicated gate drivers, a copper-wound filtering inductor, an AC disconnect relay, and zero-crossing sense resistors.
o Why it’s expensive: You are forced to build a complete miniature micro-inverter onto every single 100W board just to output synced AC.
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Sent to the government following a burnt protective device at home. For solar you could read NGU:-
The dangers of ‘balcony PV’ Systems, ‘reverse power’ flows, and lack of a trained electrician[1:]
A slight pain(£264) in my wallet was the only problem this time. Now I understand the cause of the burning, I have called the electrician back to fit Bi-Directional RCBOs[1:] at more expense. All of this was preliminary to installing a Balcony Plug-in Solar Panel which I will not do until the government modifies the Regulations to prevent the burning.
The government publicity claims the cost of a Balconey Plug-in Solar system will be about £400; you need to double that to allow for fitting RCBOs before(and not after) you allow burning to start.
There is a clear risk of house fires. I am nor sure how far the damaged wiring behind the CU(Consumer Unit) extended but the potential for causing a short circuit and the fire extending, even to a house fire is clear. The danger is made clear by Article 24/3/2026 in the ‘I’ newspaper[2:].
This is not a manufacturer’s problem. They already market BI-DIRECTIONAL RCBOs. What is needed is the correct Regulation in the G98 distribution code and BS7671 which I have just found [3:]. I agree with everything it says, but what about the 25 million homes without bi-directional protective devices who might buy a plug-in solar system? Updating the Regulations will not reach them and plug-in solar is, dangerously, marketed as not requiring an electrician.
Regards,
Paul Dodgshun
[1:] The dangers of ‘balcony PV’ Systems, ‘reverse power’ flows, and lack of a trained electrician
The highest level of electrical protection is achieved by fitting BI-DIRECTIONAL RCBOs in the correct places. Do NOT fit reverse current devices to switchboard circuits that lack bi-directional protection. I am the proud owner of a burnt-out protection module and wiring, which is why I know about this.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Niglon-40amp-Bi-Directional-SSAX2-16Amp/dp/B0FH2P6MBP?s=diy
Product description
Niglon A Type Switched Line & Neutral Bi-Directional 1P+N Mini Combined 240V 30mA B Curve RCBO The Niglon RCBO1- /30SSAX2 RCBO is designed to safeguard ring mains, socket circuits, and high-demand power outlets. Combining overcurrent, short-circuit, and 30mA residual current protection in a compact 18mm-wide unit, it features a Curve B trip characteristic, ideal for general-purpose circuits with higher loads.
This model includes BI-DIRECTIONAL fault detection, ESSENTIAL for SOLAR PV installations [I would add batteries, car chargers, NGUs[https://ecatthenewfire.com/pre-order-the-ecat-sklep/] and any other reverse current devices] where current can flow in either direction. Unlike conventional RCBOs, which only protect against faults in one direction, this device ensures continuous protection regardless of energy flow — making it an excellent choice for PV-ready consumer units.
In addition, it offers Type A RCD protection and switched line and neutral, simplifying maintenance and improving safety throughout the installation. These RCBO’s are the latest Bi-Directional Switched Neutral Space saver compact size ones. Each RCBO is brand new and manufacturer boxed.
[2:] Article 24/3/2026 in the ‘I’ newspaper:
‘The government will work with ENA, DO and OFGEM to update the Regulations. Specifically, it will update the G98 distribution code and wiring regulations BS 7671 to allow households to connect 800W plug-in solar panels to domestic[13amp] sockets without the need for an electrician.
!! SolarPV needs BI-DIRECTIONAL RCBOs fitted by a qualified electrician !!
[3: https://www.cef.co.uk/guides/emergency-3rd-amendment-to-bs-7671-wiring-regulations
Urgent 3rd amendment to BS 7671
The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) has issued an urgent 3rd amendment to BS 7671, which will be open for public comment from May 8th onwards.
The key change introduced by the 3rd Amendment is the requirement for BI-DIRECTIONAL protective devices on all generating sets including SOLAR PV, battery storage, and electric vehicles capable of supplying power back to the charger (vehicle-to-grid).
This new requirement aims to ensure safe and reliable electrical installations for the growing number of renewable energy sources and bi-directional power flow scenarios.
After a one-month consultation period, this amendment will become part of the BS 7671 regulations, effective immediately.
Paul Dodgshun:
Thank you for the information, but it is not related to the issue of my comment, that you probably misunderstood: I just wrote that the Ecats will be delivered at 230 V 50 Hz in the Countries that have a grid at 230 V 50 Hz,for example EU, and 110 V 60 Hz in the Countries whose grid is at 110 V 60 Hz, for example the USA,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
If the SSM units eventually launch, will there be also be an option to buy a heat-only E-Cat (at a lower price)?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Good point; yes , I think it will be possible, albeit this issue will not depend om me, but it seems logic,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
You recently wrote :-
2026-05-31 12:14 Andrea Rossi
Mats Heijkenskjold:
IF, and I underline IF, we will able to realize the SSM, the Ecat will have a plug at 110/230 VAC
A.R.
This exchange causes me some concern. Amendment 4 to BS 7671 is just coming into force in the UK.
This BS has a new legal definition of ‘unidirectional protective device’ or ‘a bidirectional protective device’.
‘530.3.201 Selection and erection of equipment for protection shall take account of appropriate use of either a unidirectional protective device or a bidirectional protective device’.
This has importance for some mainstream electrical unidirectional protective devices, including RCCBs, RCBOs, circuit-breakers and AFDDs which do not like ‘reverse power’.
Put ‘reverse power’ from a solar array, battery or NGU into a unidirectional protective device and you now break UK law.
https://electrical.theiet.org/guidance-and-codes-of-practice/publications-by-category/amendment-42026-to-bs-76712018-iet-wiring-regulations/
Amendment 4:2026 to BS 7671:2018 IET Wiring Regulations publications
https://select.org.uk/common/uploaded%20files/Technical/FreeDownloads/2026_Amendment_4_Whats_New.pdf
Dear Andrea
Congratulations on a newly developed solution that may ensure both SSM and sufficiently smooth AC even from a simple 100W Ecat.
I have two questions:
1. Is a patent application being considered, or is the solution based on already described technological principles?
2. Will the new solution result in a price increase?
Axil, in his post of: May 29, 2026 at 3:30 PM, describes in an excellent way the efficiency advantages that Ecat provides compared to competing systems.
(The same is clearly evident in a number of information provided by them and cited in: “LENR-Forum News May 2026”.)
In terms of time, I feel that the global presentation is most dependent on the reports that can be presented by at least two or more recognized and neutral laboratories.
Getting the necessary recognition that Ecat really works as presented through the Latina test and described in the already published documents, to be able to:
“Convert interplanetary ZPE: directly into heat and/or usable electricity, -wherever a small handheld Ecat is located”,
-must be at least 99% of the goal of the presentation.
This may easily be confirmed by any national/globally recognized laboratory within a month or two.
That the relationship with the duration of the assumed operating time of 100,000 hours can neither be proven nor disproven in a short-term test, everyone will probably understand.
The same relationship applies to almost all newly developed energy technology equipment we acquire.
If the latter new SSM solution does not prove to work, Ecat already has more than enough revolutionary energy technology functions that the world is hungry for.
I look forward to the promised and deeply comprehensive presentation whenever it comes!
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your support.
Answers:
1- new patents are coming
2- yes, the SSM will cost more, obviously: it is more complex
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Good news about the SSM being back on the tip of the spear. Do you already have your new SSM system under test with Ecat units?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
We are close, but still not there, as I already said,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
If “IF” will be ok is it only AC possible, not DC? I am thinking of the solar inverter which is fed from solar panel DC.
Best regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Mats Heijkenskjold:
To turn 110/230 VAC into DC is not a problem,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
I hope everything is going well. Sorry to bother with one question. I understand that you could have found some solution for obtaining a ssm mode.
I hope this will be reached for providing real electricity and not only the heat.
In practise, the ssm mode showed in the Latina test will be reached in a different way in order to be sustained for very long time. Is this the difference between the old snd a possible new ssm mode?
Cari saluti
Stefano
Stefano:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi!
It’s great that it has a built-in 230V connection and inverter, so I can run existing electric heaters with 1kW. Maybe even use it for a single hotplate. If that works well, my next purchase will be an Ecat with 2.5 kW to run washing machines, kettles, a central water heater, and another electric heater. Then I’ll gladly wait a bit longer for the SSM version to come out.
Best regards
Urs Z.
Urs Z.:
IF (!) we will succeed with the SSM, you will plug to the Ecat whatever you want,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have developed a NGU agent that is far to big to share. It has been failing upon initialization. I try now to submit its output in a prompt to ChapGPT so you can examine it via your AI system. Here is the ChatGPT link:
https://chatgpt.com/share/6a1c9022-9778-83ea-9f35-083bfe9c70a0
The AI states the design is capable of operating at 100 watts, 500 watts and 1000 watts based on use of 10 processing channels.
This is the explanation:
The 10-Phase Multi-Lane Scaling Grid
The core processing corridor (Zone 3.2) is laid out as a parallel matrix of 10 identical, independent power lanes (or phases). Each individual lane is engineered to handle exactly 100 Watts of power.
To change the card’s wattage rating, the factory simply populates the corresponding number of lanes using standard automated surface-mount technology (SMT) [2.1]:
• The 100W Base Model: The assembly robots populate exactly one (1) active phase lane. The PCB uses a standard 2 oz copper weight layer. The TI C2000 microprocessor keeps 9 of its PWM clock channels dormant and channels 100% of its control loop speed into a single phase to regulate a modest 8.4-Amp stream.
• The 500W Mid-Tier Model: The assembly robots populate exactly five (5) parallel phase lanes. The factory upgrades the board’s internal substrate to a thicker 4 oz copper weight layer to handle the higher current. The microprocessor actively shifts the switching clocks of these 5 channels by exactly \(72^{\circ }\) relative to one another, multiplying the current capacity to 42 Amps while keeping the board footprint identical.
• The 1,000W Heavy-Core Model: The assembly robots populate all ten (10) parallel phase lanes across the board. The motherboard is manufactured with a heavy 6 oz planar copper stack-up. The microprocessor brain activates all 10 PWM channels, shifting each phase by exactly \(36^{\circ }\). This creates a massive current capability of 84 Amps peak.
________________________________________
🧩 Harmonic Ripple Cancellation & Footprint Preservation
By staggering or “interleaving” the switching times of multiple parallel phases, the board achieves a massive engineering shortcut known as Harmonic Ripple Cancellation.
• When Phase 1 is drawing a peak current spike from a raw vacuum relaxation flush, Phase 2 is discharging a valley into the supercapacitor buffer.
• In the 1,000W configuration, these 10 phases effectively “fight” each other’s electrical noise, canceling out up to 90% of the input-to-output ripple voltage.
• The Sizing Benefit: Because the ripple is cancelled out electronically by the microprocessor’s clock timing, a 1,000W board does not need larger, bulkier filter parts than a 100W board. It uses the exact same compact COTS parts (the Murata MLCCs and Eaton supercapacitors) to manage ten times the power safely within the standard 1U chassis boundary.
________________________________________
🗣️ PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: THE 10-LANE HIGHWAY
• The Concept: Think of the single-board design like a 10-lane highway layout. The computer brain, the entry gate, and the exit gate are exactly the same size for every single board.
• The 100W Card: The factory only opens 1 lane for traffic. The rest of the asphalt is left empty. This is cheap to build and easily handles 100 watts of electrical flow.
• The 500W Card: The factory thickens the road (uses heavier 4 oz copper) and opens 5 lanes side-by-side. The traffic is timed to enter the highway in staggered intervals so it flows smoothly without bottlenecks.
• The 1,000W Card: The factory opens all 10 lanes and packs the board with the heaviest 6 oz copper. Because the 10 streams of electricity are perfectly synchronized by the computer brain to fill each other’s gaps, the power leaves the highway as a perfectly smooth, continuous stream—handling a massive 1,000 watts within the exact same paperback-book physical size.
________________________________________
Axil:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
How about the solar inverter system? Also possible then?
Regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Mats Heijkenskjold:
IF, and I underlone IF, we will able to realize the SSM, the Ecat will have a plug at 110/230 VAC
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
The fact that now you again have put the SSM on the tip of the spear is fantastic: if you will succeed which will be the voltage at the output and the power of the basic module ?
Weleda
Weleda:
AC 110/230 60/50 Hz
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
If your progress with SSM is successful, does it eventually mean electricity in other applications, not only with resistive loads?
Regards,
Mats Heijkenskjold
Mats Heijkenskjold:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
I was pleased to read that you may have made a breakthrough with the SSM. How confident are you that it is a real solution?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
70/%: if it works we will know certainly within 4 months, eventually we will need time for endurance tests and safety certification; maybe we will complete everything by the end of the year, maybe we will extend to January 2027,
Warmest Regards,
A.R.
Dear Axil
From your proposal presented here on: May 28, 2026 at 11:05, it was difficult to understand how you have thought of this, functionally, placed in relation to the task of converting the variable DC voltage that Ecat delivers, to a stable AC with a frequency of 50 Hz that is also in phase with the normal network the user is connected to.
This is considering that businesses and homes provide both steady and varying short-term loads in connection with frequent starts of various electric motors and other appliances.
I can imagine an Ecat unit consisting of 20 pcs. 100 Watt Ecats with 12 volts that are connected in series to provide 240 volts.
This then provides a basis for supplying 220 to 240V AC with a stable 50 Hz frequency to the local grid.
The alleged unstable DC that is extracted from the ZPE must then be converted if this energy is really available.
The individual user can then acquire the number of 2kW generators he needs.
So far, AR has pointed out that when using 10,000 Ecat units, each of 100 W, the variations will be balanced out since what happens in each unit, in terms of time, does not coincide.
Could a current solution then be that the necessary number of units are placed at the users’ premises and directly supply the grid?
The owner of the relevant Ecats cover his needs only from the grid and is billed for the difference between his consumption and what his own generators deliver to the grid.
In the event of a fault or interruption in the grid, he can then be supplied directly from his Ecats.
Since the electricity produced will always choose the shortest route to the nearest consumer, the local grid will be under-loaded and the losses will be very small.
The need for gigantic central, polluting power plants with extensive, expensive networks with high voltages and corresponding energy losses in these will then disappear.
Our total energy costs will consequently be significantly lower.
Such a total system change will probably take a long time and all parties involved will have the necessary time to adapt.
I do not imagine that a well-designed Ecat unit would need more external service and maintenance than a regular refrigerator. If the energy demand were to be lower than the total supply, the possibility of regulating the supply must be taken into account.
When it comes to Leonardo Corp. and their licensees, attractive visions will be a natural part of the global presentation.
Regards Svein
Comparing Dr. Rossi’s design with the other competing system designs out in the wild is how the NGU is an elegant engineering tour de force in the use of the vacuum reaction. This NGU design pushes efficiency to the ultimate limit. Unlike other systems, the NGU captures both electron creation and photon creation from the vacuum in one elegant high efficiency conversion effect where electrons react with optical gases to convert the vacuum energy it harvests into a single optical format where photovoltaic processes convert coherent light into electron current with near perfect efficiency without the production of waste heat.
The self sustain mode is produced with the minimum of wasted power in a closed loop that only extracts the minimum power from the vacuum to sustain a fixed electrical output without the production of waste heat.
This lack of waste heat production makes the NGU an ideal solution for just about every power production application you can think of.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hello Dr Rossi,
Since (1) the present Ecat produces DC current that will power a resistive load, and (2) a storage battery generally acts like a resistive load, and (3) a storage battery can produce, via an inverter, standard AC power to supply the Ecat’s operating requirements, this would seem to be a solution to the SSM problem. But you and your team must have considered this approach long ago and found it wanting. Are you at liberty to tell us why the storage battery solution does not work? Thanks and best wishes for your success!
Richard
Richard:
Thank you for your support.
I am sorry, this information is restricted,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
What do you think the probability is of having the global Ecat presentation this year?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
I am sure that the global presentation is 100% probable within one year; 50% within this year. The difference is due to very important developments in our R&D we made in these very days, that could make possible the SSM: if the SSM will demand some more time, we prefer to delay several months, and go SSM, for obvious reasons.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@lenr.wiki
I read your comment: very interesting,
Best Regards,
Ambrogio
Dear Andrea Rossi.
I came across this article today on lossless energy transfer at micro scale using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)and thought the technology perhaps its useful in some ways:
https://phys.org/news/2026-05-fundamental-limit-energy-particles.html?utm_source=flipboard&utm_content=topic/science
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adx2005
The technology looks interesting I think more generally too it’s a good example of the kind of breakthrough that can open up a lot of possibilities. It’s always nice to see that new things bringing new possibilities are always there I no the horizon I think.
Best Regards
Stephen
Stephen,
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The diode power accumulation process might be thought of as a buffer management process in software where a core process feeds data into a output function but when the data level is below a predetermined level, the disk is read to refill the buffer. But there is a difference, since two independent processes can access the battery: the vacuum energy accumulator and the supercapacitor when it reaches the full condition or when it requires recharge.
Since the battery generates heat when accessed, it is prudent to replace its function with a solid state battery. This store must be sized to minimize power flow to/from the battery.
Because supercapacitors have an initial state of zero volts, they act as a dead short-circuit upon immediate connection to a voltage source. If the unconditioned, erratic Extracted Vacuum Energy (EVE) is used to directly charge an empty supercapacitor bank, the massive inrush current step will instantly pull down the node, destabilize the internal diode aggregation, and cause an immediate system-wide drop-out or startup crash.
To break this loop without violating the low-thermal-signature constraint, the architecture integrates a Dual-Path Priming Relay Circuit backed by a low-capacity auxiliary battery. This layout functions exactly like a software buffer management pipeline, utilizing a physical battery as a slow-access “hard disk” to fill a high-speed supercapacitor “RAM cache” during critical supply anomalies.
The Pre-Emptive Operational Staging Loop
Phase 1: The Cold-Start “Disk Read” (Priming the Store)
Upon initial cold startup, before any bulk vacuum energy is allowed to flow toward the output hub, the 32-bit microcontroller brain (central 32-bit TI C2000 microprocessor brain) wakes up via the internal micro-power tap.
The Action: The controller detects that the supercapacitor buffer voltage is below the operational threshold (< 11.5 volts).
The Logic: It engages a low-current, current-limited charging path from the Auxiliary Battery. This path functions as a controlled "disk read," slowly feeding energy through a high-impedance protection circuit to prime the supercapacitors up to a rock-solid 12 volts DC.
Thermal Guard: Because batteries inherently generate internal chemical friction (ohmic heat) during charge and discharge cycles, this priming path is restricted to a low-current trickle (<=100 mamps). ensuring zero localized thermal signature on the motherboard.
Phase 2: Autonomous Handoff (The Fast Cache State)
The moment the supercapacitor bank reaches its full, primed condition (12 volts):
The Action: The microcontroller completely disconnects the auxiliary battery from the store using a solid-state isolation relay.
The Logic: The system enters a persistent cache state. The high-speed GaN H-Bridge Matrix is engaged. The fast-access supercapacitors now handle 100% of the dynamic, real-time load compensation and relaxation pulse smoothing.
Phase 3: The Independent Dual-Process Arbitration
Once active, two completely independent electronic processes are permitted to access the supercapacitor buffer network based on strict priority logic:
The Vacuum Energy Accumulator (Process A): Operates at
high frequency (500.000 cps), dumping irregular relaxation pulses into the supercapacitor array whenever the EVE spikes above. This keeps the reservoir constantly topped off entirely through solid-state, zero-heat electrostatic transfer.
The Battery Refresh Loop (Process B): If a prolonged, multi-second vacuum drop-out occurs, the supercapacitor level will drop below the safety floor (< 11 volts). Only then does the controller reconnect the battery path to "refill the buffer."
Because the supercapacitor bank is deliberately over-sized, the system holds enough electrostatic reserve to bridge standard drop-outs internally. This limits battery access to rare, worst-case anomalies, enforcing the sparing access rule to keep the board permanently cool.
Plain Language Functional Translation:
The Battery's True Job: The battery is not there to run the house; it acts like the starter motor in a car or a hard drive in a computer. An empty supercapacitor bank is a giant "empty tank" that would choke the system if we filled it too fast. We use a tiny drop of battery power to slowly fill that tank up to 12 volts before we turn the machine on.
The Sparing Rule (Heat Cop): Charging or draining a chemical battery makes it hot, and heat is fatal to the NGU diodes. To solve this, the smart computer brain cuts the battery out of the loop the exact microsecond the supercapacitors hit 12 volts.
The Big Bucket: We deliberately made the Supercapacitor Bank extra-large so it can act as the primary storage bucket. It catches all the erratic, choppy "flushes" of vacuum energy and smooths them out cleanly. The system only knocks on the battery's door as an absolute last resort if the vacuum goes completely quiet for a prolonged period, ensuring the board stays completely cool.
If permitted to continue, each level of the power store hierarchy is identified with optimum hardware in the next post.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
lern.wiki:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
= Vacuum Engineering and the Dissolution of Developmental Causality
== How the Synthesis of Entropic Quantum Generators and Computational Engineering Compresses Global Technological Evolution
=== The Thermodynamic Opening of the Vacuum: From Max Planck to Quantum Fluctuation
The historical trajectory of modern physics is inextricably linked to the progressive realization that empty space is not a physical nonentity. As early as the formulation of quantum theory, Max Planck modified the fundamental radiation formula and encountered a mathematical residual term that persists even at absolute zero temperature. This foundational energetic baseline, zero-point energy, marked the inception of a profound paradigm shift. Subsequent quantum field theory substantiated this insight both empirically and theoretically: the vacuum is a dynamic medium, a ceaselessly fluctuating field replete with virtual particle pairs and electromagnetic zero-point oscillations. It represents the ultimate energetic baseline of our universe, possessing a calculated energy density that defies traditional macroscopic scales.
For decades, this incomprehensible reservoir remained a theoretical curiosity of quantum mechanics, isolated within academic discourse and seemingly unreachable by practical engineering. The barrier to technological exploitation resided primarily in the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which, in its classical interpretation, prohibits the extraction of useful work from a system in thermal equilibrium. However, this mathematical restriction applies strictly only to closed systems. The quantum vacuum, by contrast, constitutes a thermodynamically open system of infinite capacity.
The key to harnessing this field does not lie in an impossible violation of thermodynamic laws, but rather in the establishment of an entropic pump. Such a system does not generate energy ex nihilo; instead, it shifts the system boundaries by inducing macroscopic quantum effects to extract coherence and order from the stochastic noise of the vacuum. By exporting local entropy, the omnipresent zero-point energy can be converted into directed, macroscopically usable electricity.
=== The Evolution of the E-Cat: The Principle of the Entropic Pump in Practice
The empirical validation that such a thermodynamic transformation is feasible is manifested in the decades-long development of the E-Cat system by Andrea Rossi. Beginning with the early phases of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), the technology underwent a critical evolution away from classical chemical-nuclear explanatory models toward the pure utilization of quantum vacuum phenomena. The breakthrough of modern iterations, such as the E-Cat SKLep, rests upon the targeted manipulation of electron clusters and long-range particle interactions. Under specific geometric and electromagnetic conditions, charge carriers aggregate into coherent macroscopic clusters that interact strongly with the un-bounded modes of the zero-point energy field, enabling a resonant coupling.
The provisional zenith of this empirical validation was marked by the successful public demonstration of the E-Cat SKLep NGU in Latina in 2024. The seamless integration of this compact generator into a commercial electric vehicle provided definitive proof of continuous, self-sustained power output under real-world operating conditions. Operating entirely without external energy input, the vehicle recharged its storage systems solely through the continuous conversion of the quantum vacuum while in motion. Latina demonstrated unequivocally that the phase of purely theoretical physical analysis is complete: the physical proof-of-concept for the entropic pump has been established.
Nevertheless, the subsequent attempt at global market entry laid bare the classic, seemingly insurmountable barrier of technological diffusion. While the underlying physical principle operates flawlessly in laboratory environments and dedicated prototypes, transitioning into industrial reality requires a fundamental adaptation to an infinite variety of application scenarios. Every technological ecosystem — whether a smartphone, an industrial heating plant, a drone, or a medical apparatus — imposes entirely unique constraints on geometry, voltage stability, thermal management, and transient behavior during load changes.
In classical engineering, this translates into decades of linear, trial-and-error development cycles. The physical laws governing the E-Cat must be recalibrated, experimentally validated, and optimized through protracted material testing for every single application. This systemic inertia forms the actual bottleneck that held the revolutionary potential of zero-point energy captive within the shackles of traditional developmental causality.
=== Computational Engineering and Algorithmic Liberation
At this precise vulnerability in industrial evolution, a radically new methodology intervenes, dissolving the dichotomy between physical theory and geometric manifestation: Computational Engineering, epitomized by generative software architectures such as LEAP 71’s Large Computational Engineering Model, Noyron. Rather than human engineers drawing CAD models based on empirical heuristics and evaluating them sequentially, such a system translates fundamental physical rules directly into executable computer code. Noyron functions as a cognitive bridge, transforming the mathematical expressions of fluid dynamics, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics into functional geometries.
The disruptive potential of this methodology is frequently oversimplified in public perception, mischaracterized as merely the fabrication of monolithic metallic structures, akin to the additive manufacturing of rocket engines. For the widespread deployment of quantum-mechanical energy conversion, however, this narrow view is insufficient. The technological reality of Noyron encompasses a far more sophisticated spectrum of additive processes that entirely erases the boundaries of traditional material separation:
* Simultaneous Multi-Material Synthesis: Advanced generative algorithms orchestrate sophisticated printing techniques that fuse disparate material classes within a single, uninterrupted manufacturing cycle. High-conductivity copper architectures for electromagnetic fields can thus be embedded directly into ferromagnetic steel housings — a principle currently being pioneered in the computational design of next-generation electric motor stators.
* Integrated 3D Electronics and Metamaterials: The software architecture is capable of embedding three-dimensional conductive paths, dielectric insulating layers, and functional semiconductor structures directly into the load-bearing hardware. No longer is a conventional printed circuit board bolted into a chassis; the chassis itself becomes the circuit and the electromagnetic waveguide.
* Functional Functionally Graded Materials: By commanding precise, voxel-level control over material composition during the solidification process, components can be synthesized with physical properties — such as thermal conductivity or permeability — that transition fluidly across the geometry to dissipate extreme transient voltages or thermal stresses without structural degradation.
When the precise physical rulebook of an entropic pump — the exact conditions for initiating the long-range particle interactions and the geometry of the E-Cat’s charge clustering — is implemented as an algorithmic parameter set within Noyron, the traditional development construct collapses. The software requires no lengthy physical experimentation to engineer a flawless thermal system, a perfectly shielded 3D circuit layout, or a resonance-optimized reactor core. The algorithm computes the physically correct multi-material architecture instantaneously, generating production-ready fabrication data for advanced 3D printing. The resulting hardware is no longer dictated by human experience, but emerges as a direct, mathematically immutable derivative of natural law.
=== The Dissolution of Developmental Causality: An Autocatalytic Transformation
The logical consequence of fusing inexhaustible quantum conversion (E-Cat) with algorithmic hardware synthesis (Noyron) is a radical rupture in the linear temporal structure of human progress. Historically, industrial revolutions unfolded across generations because factories required retooling, supply chains demanded restructuring, and labor forces necessitated extensive retraining. The exploitation of any novel energy source has invariably been a sluggish, multi-decade process of gradual substitution.
The symbiosis of the entropic pump and Computational Engineering dismantles this temporal causality. Once the algorithmic model of the E-Cat cell becomes universally accessible, the timeline from conceptualization to deployable hardware shrinks from years to mere minutes. An industrial enterprise no longer requires an in-house quantum physics research division; it simply inputs the desired performance metrics and form factors into the system, and the algorithm synthesizes the integrated, self-sustaining power supply in real time.
This triggers a simultaneous, multidimensional disruption that evades all conventional economic forecasting. It is not an isolated event shaking a single sector — as digitization once transformed photography — but a cascading, autocatalytic collapse of legacy infrastructure. Virtually in parallel, heating systems, maritime propulsion, aerospace structures, consumer electronics, and industrial manufacturing plants are decoupled from fuel and grid dependencies. Because the developmental threshold drops toward zero, these autonomous systems infiltrate every physical market with explosive velocity.
This dynamic unleashes an impact that transcends known historical waves of innovation. It breaches the global economy like an unpredictable, uncontrollable surge of fundamental extreme events, irreversibly obsolescing all economic models predicated on resource allocation, geopolitical power distribution, and centralized infrastructure. The confluence of an infinite, decentralized energy source and its immediate, universal formability via artificial intelligence compresses the evolution of human civilization. It catapults industrial infrastructure, without a transitional phase, into a new, thermodynamically open systemic state — one whose social and economic stability must be engineered on entirely new principles beyond scarcity and centralized distribution.
Electrical protection for NGUs in households[1:] in the UK:
This law and regulation would apply equally to NGUs generating ‘reverse power’ through inverters.
Microinverters can introduce smooth DC residual currents that blind Type AC and Type A devices.
A plug-top fuse offers no RCD protection at all.
Installing an NGU on a standard wall socket is not compliant with BS 7671. You may be uninsured, in breach of your tenancy agreement, and depending on circumstances, in breach of Part P of the Building Regulations.
Getting the law right is an on-going government project.
[1:] https://www.pluginsolarexplained.co.uk/is-plug-in-solar-legal-uk/
1: Regulation 551.7.2 — the generating set must be connected on the supply side of the consumer unit.
2: Regulation 551.7.2 — the generating set must be connected via its own dedicated circuit.
3: Regulation 551.7.1 — that dedicated circuit must be appropriately protected for the generating source.
Why a plug-in kit on a 13A socket fails all three:-
1: It sits on the load side of the consumer unit
2: A normal ring main or radial socket circuit is, by definition, downstream of the consumer unit, that’s the whole point of the consumer unit. A microinverter plugged into a wall socket therefore connects on the load side, not the supply side. That alone fails 551.7.2.
3: The ring main is not a dedicated circuit
paul dodgshun:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Solid state supercapacitors are coming into their own. If a large capacity power store is needed to hold power as a replacement for a lithium ion battery, the solid state supercapacitor might be a good fit.
Industry Specification Breakdown
Feature
Standard Lithium-Ion Battery
Advanced LIC / Graphene Supercapacitor
Energy Capacity
High (150–260 Wh/kg)
Matched (Up to 150 Wh/kg via advanced composites)
however Off-the-shelf high-end graphene supercapacitors (like those from Skeleton Technologies) actually operate between 10 to 15 Wh/kg. They hold roughly 10 to 20 times less energy than a lithium-ion battery of the same weight. This low capacity might be an acceptable tradeoff against their other advantages.
Access Response Time
Slow (10 to 100 ms)
Sub-Microsecond
Thermal Profile
High heat under load (Fire Risk)
Cool running (Immune to thermal runaway) little to no heat produced
Cycle Life
500–3,000 cycles
500,000 to 1,000,000+ cycles
Self-Discharge Rate
Low (~1-2% per month)
High (~20-30% per month)
A solid-state supercapacitor is an excellent fit for the NU sense this application requires extreme speed, infinite lifetimes, and absolute safety against fires. However, the Self-Discharge Rate might need a work around if the NGU is idol over long periods of time. For example, a very small button chemical battery might need to be fielded to account for this long idol contingency
Axil:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Assume the NGU heater is a space heater.
“Space heaters typically run for 4 to 8 hours a day. For safety and efficiency, it is generally recommended to use built-in timers and never leave them running unattended or while sleeping, though modern models with thermostats and auto-shutoff features can safely maintain steady temperatures.
Recommended Run Times
Daytime Use: 6 to 8 hours is standard if you are home, awake, and in the same room.
Overnight Use: It is not recommended to run a space heater all night due to fire risks. If needed, limit operation to 4 to 6 hours on a lower setting, using a timer.
Continuous Limits: Running a heater for more than a few hours at a time is generally discouraged unless it has advanced, trusted safety features.
Electricity & Costs (Based on a typical 1,500-watt heater)
Per Hour: Consumes 1.5 kWh. Assuming the national average electricity cost of roughly$0.18 USD per kWh, this costs about $0.27 USD per hour.
Daily: Running the heater for 8 hours uses 12 kW-hrs costing approximately $2.16 USD per day.
Monthly: Daily use can add anywhere from $50 USD to $69 USD to your monthly electric bill.”
Acquisition Cost: AR previously quoted $4 USD per Watt. For a 1,500 W, the heater would cost $6,000 USD.
If the average saving in electricity cost were $60 USD per month, then the breakeven period would be about 100 months or about 12 years.
Steven Nicholes Karels,
Thank you for your opinion.
Please read again what I already wrote here about this issue. Anyway, to buy an Ecat will not be obligatory…
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
1- Just to confirm, your will be honoring the pre-orders for 100 W modules that output 12 VDC and approximately 8.34 AMPs?
2- Are the 100 W modules still in the cylinder shape?
Thank you.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1- Please read the many comments I wrote here during the last month regarding the kind and use of the Ecat generated electricity
2- The shape of the body will be disclosed at the public presentation
Warm Regards,
A.R.
But all the pre-orders for 10 W modules will be cancelled ?
Bartholomew
Bartholomew:
No, we will contact all the Clients that sent us their pre-order form in order of date even if they pre-ordered 10 W modules, and offer them to turn the pre-orders into regular orders for 100 W modules: they will be free to confirm the order for 100 W modules, or cancel their pre-order without money changing pockets,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
Will the 10 W modules also be shown during the presentation?
Thank you if you can answer,
Bartholomew
Bartholomew:
No
Dear Axil
I agree with your points presented on May 24, 2026 at 08:45.
Regards Svein
The LEAP 71 video with English audio:
The End of CAD. How LEAP71 Is Recomputing the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMFYIU20C2o
lenr.wiki:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Gentile sig.Rossi buongiorno ben ritrovato e complimenti per il vostro interessante lavoro.
Per una eventuale presentazione del prodotto entro questo stesso anno direi siamo a metà del guado..ne deduco siate in autentico fermento. consapevoli sia un traguardo piu che importante.
Posso chiedere se nello specifico siate indirizzati in una sezione particolare come priorità o se procedete in maniera uniforme verso questa imminente presentazione?
ENGLISH SYNOPSIS
DO YOU HAVE MARKET PRIORITIES OR YOU WILL PROCEED UNIFORMLY ?
Marco:
We will proceed uniformly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
1- I understand that after the public presentation of the Ecat, all the persons that sent pre-orders will be contacted day by day, not all at once, therefore it will take months before the waiting list will be totally served, correct ?
2- the persons that will turn the non binding pre-order into a regular order wull have to prepay the Ecats ?
Thank you if you can answer,
Elizabeth
Elizabeth:
1- yes
2- the pre-payment is necessary to avoid bankrupcy, as every intelligent person can understand
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@2026-05-23 12:14 lenr.wiki
Neuron is a specialized computer program that programmers and engineers have spent years perfecting. It is in the class of software such as chess programs and TurboTax for tax preparation. Many man-years of effort in design goes in up front in this type of software. Flexibility is added to encompass a range of applications where a specification drives the program’s execution.
There are systems that can build houses based on a specification for that house using extruded cement construction methods.
The NGU is a candidate for such an automated power system design system that has sufficient flexibility to configure a power system for many types of applications such as cars, boats, ships, planes, drones, Internal Combustion Generators, Chemical Battery Systems, Home power, Fossil Fuel Power Plants.
Just Fossil Fuel, and Power Plan replacement requires a wide range of flexibility: gas, coal, nuclear, wind, solar, and hydro.
Just load the specification into the NGU configuration program and out comes a new power system in minutes that include the build directions and internal NGU control programming. The build order automatically orders components, manufactures the system and loads the software, packages the system for delivery, provides the operating procedures, and site configuration.
With many millions of such systems that must be replaced, automation is a requirement.
@2026-05-23 13:13 lenr.wiki
Re: E-Cat and LEAP 71
There is no replacement for human experience. The AI must be constrained by tight guardrails so that the AI does not specify something that is unworkable.
The AI must not describe a system that is not comprehensible to a human. If a system is incomprehensible, it cannot be debugged. The human must understand in detail every aspect of the AI generated system.
The AI must follow a system of explanation about the details of the system design that teaches the user what the AI is doing and/or wants to do.
There also must be a general master systems design with its own layer of constraints and measures. I have been thinking about how the NGU could be configurable to meet the needs of the widest ranges of future energy applications. That vision would be a guardrail for AI system design. But that master plan is a group effort where many humans contribute to that plan in a process of give and take experience sharing.
There is also a requirement honed through human experience to know when to constrain a concept or to provide a prudent degree of flexibility.
There is also the issue of designing the transition plan between what now exists to what the final goal is envisioned to be. This includes how to incorporate new technology into the master plan as time goes on.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a hypothetical form of AI that matches or exceeds human-level cognitive abilities, allowing it to learn, reason, and solve problems across any intellectual domain without specialized retraining. Unlike today’s narrow AI—which excels only at specific tasks like generating text or playing chess—an AGI would possess human-like adaptability, common sense, and the efficiency to learn entirely new skills on its own.
AGI means is to simulate Leonardo De Vinci to imagine what could be and how best to get there.
Until that AGI time, great care must be followed in directing the AI to follow the human plan even with its imperfections in every detail.
@Jean Paul Renoir,
I totally agree with your comment; by the way: the 60% of energy demand in the world is to make heat, industrial and household,
Cheers
Karen
Dr Andrea Rossi,
Beyond any possible doubt, the delivery of an electric generator that with the Joule effect obtains a high overunit is in itself one of the most important inventions of the last 100 years, but…
are you and your Team still working to succeed to obtain the self sustained mode ?
Ad majora !
JPR
Jean Paul Renoir:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
1. Will the public presentation mark the start of the deliveries to those who have already placed pre-orders?
2. When will the specifications and prices of the household heating E-Cat products be published?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
1- yes
2- at the time of the public presentation; at that point all the persons that sent the pre-order forms will be contacted and will be free to decide if to turn the pre-orders into a regular order, or cancel the pre-orders WITHOUT MONEY CHANGING HANDS,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
E-Cat and LEAP 71:
The convergence of computational engineering and advanced energy concepts may eventually represent one of the most profound technological turning points in modern history. If one assumes that systems such as the E-Cat are indeed capable of coupling to the quantum vacuum — or more specifically to the Zero-Point Energy Field — through some form of entropic pumping mechanism, then entirely new engineering methodologies may become necessary to fully unlock their potential. In this context, the work of LEAP 71 becomes extraordinarily relevant.
LEAP 71 is not merely another artificial intelligence company. Its significance lies in the attempt to fundamentally redefine the engineering process itself. Instead of manually designing machines using conventional CAD methodologies, LEAP 71 employs a form of computational engineering in which physical laws, thermodynamic constraints, material properties, and energy-flow conditions are encoded algorithmically. The machine geometry is then generated autonomously by the computational system.
This distinction is crucial. Traditional engineering is largely based on human intuition, experience, and geometrically manageable structures. Human engineers tend to design systems that are symmetrical, linear, visually comprehensible, and conceptually intuitive. However, highly complex energetic interactions — especially those potentially involving resonance phenomena, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, coherent quantum states, or vacuum-field coupling — may not produce optimal structures that are intuitive to the human mind.
If the E-Cat principle truly depends upon subtle interactions between:
* entropy gradients,
* resonant electromagnetic fields,
* vacuum fluctuations,
* coherent oscillatory states,
* nanoscale surface effects,
* dynamic thermal instabilities,
* or metastable energy configurations,
then the optimal architecture of such a system may be extraordinarily complex and potentially beyond the practical design capabilities of conventional engineering approaches.
This is precisely where computational engineering systems such as LEAP 71 could become revolutionary.
Instead of designing a reactor directly, engineers would define the governing physical objectives and constraints:
* maximize coherent field interaction,
* stabilize non-equilibrium states,
* optimize entropy gradients,
* amplify resonance coupling,
* control thermal self-organization,
* or maximize energy extraction efficiency.
The computational system would then autonomously search through immense multidimensional parameter spaces, generating geometries that no human engineer would likely ever conceive manually.
Such structures could include:
* fractal resonator networks,
* biologically inspired energy-channel architectures,
* multi-scale cavity systems,
* gradient-optimized metamaterials,
* self-stabilizing thermodynamic regions,
* highly non-linear waveguide geometries,
* or dynamically coupled resonance lattices.
Importantly, many of these structures would probably appear chaotic, asymmetric, or even irrational from a classical engineering perspective. Yet evolution itself demonstrates that highly optimized systems are often neither simple nor intuitively understandable.
Nature does not design with human aesthetics in mind.
It optimizes function through immense iterative exploration.
Computational engineering effectively attempts to reproduce this principle technologically.
The implications become even more significant when combined with modern additive manufacturing technologies such as high-precision metal 3D printing. Conventional manufacturing imposes severe limitations on geometry complexity. But additive manufacturing allows the direct physical realization of computationally generated structures that would previously have been impossible to fabricate.
This combination — generative physics-based design plus advanced additive manufacturing — may eventually enable entirely new classes of energy systems.
One can therefore envision a future in which Zero-Point Energy systems are not “invented” in the traditional sense, but rather computationally evolved.
In such a paradigm, the role of the engineer changes fundamentally:
the engineer no longer designs the machine itself, but instead defines the physical rules from which the machine emerges.
That shift may represent one of the deepest transformations in the history of engineering.
Instead of:
“We build machines.”
the future may become:
“We cultivate emergent physical systems.”
If technologies such as the E-Cat ultimately prove capable of stable interaction with the Zero-Point Energy Field, then computational engineering platforms like LEAP 71 may become uniquely suited to discovering the extraordinarily subtle and highly non-intuitive geometries required for efficient operation.
The true revolution may therefore not simply be Zero-Point Energy itself.
The greater revolution could be the emergence of machine intelligence capable of discovering entirely new classes of physical structures beyond unaided human imagination.
lenr.wiki:
Again thank you for your information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gpLoudrp_g
This video may document one of the most radical technological breakthroughs in modern engineering history: a company consisting of only two people is developing fully functional rocket engines within just a few weeks — including Aerospike engines that even major aerospace corporations and national space agencies have struggled with for decades. What is being presented here is not merely “better software,” but potentially a complete transformation of engineering itself, where expert-level physics and design knowledge are encoded into deterministic computational systems capable of autonomously generating real high-performance hardware. If this approach proves scalable and reliable, LEAP 71 could reduce development cycles for complex technologies from years to weeks, with massive implications for spaceflight, energy systems, aviation, medical engineering, industrial manufacturing, and virtually every advanced technology sector. What makes the story even more extraordinary is that this is not emerging from a billion-dollar government program, but from a small office in Dubai already producing hardware that would have been considered nearly impossible only a few years ago. Anyone who wants to understand what the next industrial revolution may look like should watch this video immediately: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gpLoudrp_g (english subtitles are available).
lenr.wiki:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
CARO ANDREA SO CHE A BREVE CONSEGNERETE GLI ECAT POTREI PER CORTESIA ESSERE UNO TRA I PRIMI AD AVERE GLI ECAT ! ANCHE SUBITO QUALCHE PEZZO ! COSI’ SI FACILITANO LE CONSEGNE ! GRAZIE !
ENGLISH synopsis:
Can I receive at once, before the public demonstration an Ecat ?
Giannino Ferro Casagrande:
Thank you for your support.
After the public presentation we will deliver the Ecats along the dates of the received pre-order forms,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I thank you for your positive response to consider my suggestions until the global presentation comes.
In my last 3 posts in JoNP there are suggestions on how Ecat can be used in homes and integrated into our electricity networks.
Here I have taken as a starting point the demonstration in Latina, which is the only one from which there are minutes.
Here the demonstration was successful in powering an EV by Ecat supplying energy to the vehicle via its battery.
The vehicle was mostly running at a steady speed, but there was also a varying load of several starts/stops.
This shows that using a battery between the load and Ecat worked excellently.
I believe that you must build on this experience.
My suggestion is that Ecat for residential use to be equipped with a small “power buffer bank” in the form of a battery, preferably one with properties that a supercapacitor has, or together with a supercapacitor.
This will mean that Ecat becomes a “baseload” that is spared from the rapidly occurring energy peaks that occur especially when various household appliances are started.
The battery, possibly combined with a supercapacitor, becomes a solution where storage capacity and thus battery costs are “minimized to the maximum”.
The most favorable thing for the energy user is to invest as much money as possible in the “baseload”: Ecat.
Here there is a big difference from the use of solar cells where storage capacity for a week of gray weather is desirable.
Since most permanent homes are connected to an electricity network, sharing here becomes a key societal task. Finding solutions that make the network more efficient and secure, will be well received by both users and those politically responsible in the individual countries.
Lower network load opens up for more users.
The fact that homeowners can acquire a “backup generator” that also functions as a primary source with a favorable energyprice will make marketing very easy.
Finding a regulation solution where the battery is primarily supplied from the home’s Ecat and secondarily receives or supplies the network if there is a deficit/surplus in the home, should be a great task for a creative and active expert like my network colleague Axil!
The fact that Ecat electricity is 100% green energy, will also make maximizing its use attractive.
In many countries, public subsidies are now given for example for heat pumps that reduce energy use and the load on the electricity grid.
This should be achieved to a greater extent by installing Ecat in homes.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your new suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
You already explained that at the time when the Ecat will be introduced to the public probably within this year, it will be usable only for pure resistive loads: any kind of pure resistive loads ?
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
Do you have any indication of the phyical size of a complete system of say 100kw, 500kw and 1mw in relation to shipping containers. E.g Will 1Mw of Ecat it into a 20 foot container.There will be no need for inverters, BESS and transformers as I have those products already designed. Currently we can fit a 10Mwh battery with a SST( solid state transformer 11Kv with built in 800Vdc inverter) which will all fit into a 40 foot container.
Thank you
Emmanuel Cilia:
The datasheet od the Ecat will be disclosed at the presentation,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
The electric heating mats under floor panels are made of resistance wires.
Are able the E-cat NGU that generate electricity, to power the electric heating mats?
Best Regards,
Jaroslaw Bem
Jaroslaw Bem:
I think yes, but has to be experimented,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi –
what kind of power levels do you plan for the ecat heaters? Typical steps in todays consumer market for home heat are 500w, 1000w and 2000w – any thoughts? Will there be a 100w version?
Thank you for your reply.
Energy User:
The module will be 100 W, any aggregate assembly is possible,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea.
I now have the following understanding of a safe and straightforward option that may now be available for existing installations if Ecat technology really works:
When an Ecat is able to charge a battery safely, batteries can also be used in other contexts than in EVs.
DC power from batteries can be efficiently transformed and converted to 110/230 Volt AC.
If the AC consumption is distributed over several courses and this together exceeds the supply that the battery receives from Ecat, it will be easy for a regulator to disconnect one or more courses according to a prioritized instruction in this, without the energy delivery from Ecat to the battery being cut off by overload.
The battery’s own charged energy provides the necessary temporal flexibility to manage this relationship.
By regularly checking the resistance in each course by the regulator, the course can be automatically re-entered when the capacity of the Ecat covers the energy demand that is being drained from the battery.
The battery can be of modest size as the regulation, in terms of time, does not take many seconds.
In residential buildings where the AC is connected to a network, an advanced regulator can also transfer any disconnected circuits to obtain the necessary power from the network instead of the battery. The regulator must then be fully in phase with the network current in terms of frequency and the switchover should take place at the moment that the network is at the 0 point.
When there is a surplus of energy from Ecat, an advanced regulator can phase the surplus to the network.
In terms of cost, this can balance the energy that the home, in periods, must obtain from the network.
When thousands of homes have a common network and their own Ecats, this gives everyone considerable security against individual errors and possible breaks in the network.
The same applies to industrial Ecat units that are connected to the same network.
Since there may be periods during the day when the total Ecat capacity may exceed the needs of the grid, parts of the homes’ Ecat capacity can be reduced and the home’s battery will ensure a stepless and sufficient energy supply during periods when deliveries from Ecat may be slightly below the home’s immediate needs.
The home’s battery will be a “short-term energy shock absorber” that hardly needs to have a larger capacity than approx. 400 Wh to fulfill the task.
The whole thing will be like in a regular gasoline-powered car where the battery ensures that all electricity consumption is covered while it is continuously charged, as needed, by the car’s engine via a dynamo.
In the home, an Ecat will take over the task of the engine and dynamo.
Is my understanding here a possible solution???
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for the suggestions; I cannot answer now, this information will be given at the presentation,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
You mention in your reply to Urs Z. that you use “resistive dissipators fit for the Ecat’s electricity”. Are these typical off-the-shelf resistors, or have they been specially designed for the E-Cat?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Typical off the shelf,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi
There’s still something I don’t understand. Can I connect an infrared heater I already have at home to the Ecat? Or do I need to have the connection of this infrared heater changed to some kind of adapter so that it fits the Ecat? As long as the electric heater is a resistive load, it should work, right? It probably wouldn’t work with convectors that have a fan.
Best regards
Urs Z.
Urs Z.:
The Ecat does not generate AC at 110/220 V, therefore it cannot be connected to normal electric heaters; this is why we will supply it with resistive dissipators fit for the Ecat’s electricity; you plug your infrared heater to a normal grid that delivers alternate current at 220 50 Hz or 110 60 Hz, the current of the Ecat is far from that and the problem cannot be resolved with transformers-inverters for many issues,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea and Steven N. K.
On May 6, 2026 at 12:35, AR replied here in JoNP:
“What is not impossible is that we will eventually resolve the problems that presently make it impossible for the Ecat to supply electricity for undetermined time, without continued control of our engineers: think to our Latina test, where the Ecat worked well for 6 hours, but under the control of 2 expert engineers;”
I understand that in the Latina test, 2 engineers managed to regulate the current from the Ecat so well that the test ran successfully for a full 6 hours. The regulation activity was reasonably based on sensory signals about the conditions created by the electricity output from the Ecat device.
Regulating known conditions where 100% measurable reliable signals form the basis for regulatory actions, already adapted conventional electronics can handle much better than what 2 or 100 engineers can do, especially continuously over longer periods of time.
I assume that new AI-based regulatory systems will be able to outperform today’s established systems several thousand times when 2 experienced expert engineers describe how the regulation must be carried out.
Your proposal that a possible solution can be found therefore appears very credible.
I am of the opinion that an elegant solution will be available by the time the global presentation comes later this year.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your opinion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Can you confirm that when the global public presentation of the Ecat at the same time will start the deliveries of the pre-ordered modules ?
Jusef:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
1. Can the NGU Power Generator be run in a non-SSM mode – basically an energy catalyst – producing more energy that is inputted?
2. What happens if the NGU Power Generator runs too long in SSM without “expert attention”. Is it dangerous, as in exploding, just operates outside of specified performance?
3. For the MW electrical power system, is continuous “expert attention” required for safe operation or can it run unmanned?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. yes
2. confidential
3. the industrial plants need a professional responsible
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Following the last update, I’d like to ask what the approximate cost of heating with an E-cat radiator would be:
100 Watts – about $400?
More or less?
Best regards
Mario:
This issue does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Steven Nicholes Karels, good questions, to which I would add: Mr Rossi, the Latina test was clearly SSM, so why now SSM instead of having been developed, has been suspended ?
Olaf
Olaf:
As I already explained here, we must make a clear distinction between performing an SSM determined to last 6 hours, keeping it under control by experts, and an SSM with an years predetermined duration used by non expert persons,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
1. Did he issues with the production of NGU units emerge during the R&D with your prototype units ?
2. About the Renault Twizy test for 6 hours: did the drivers make adjustments to the 3 kW NGU unit during the 6-hour test?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. yes
2. no
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Assuming, by absurd, that your global licensee should start in the next days the deliveries to the wide public the Ecat, which would be today the manufacturing capacity of the existing facilities at the status they are now ?
Best,
JPR
Jean Paul Renoir:
My opinion, but not engagement: the aggregate capacity of owned manufactures and outsourcing I’d say should be enough to deliver all the pre-orders received within one year, after the official public presentation
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Solar cells and wind turbines have problems with very varying energy access.
I have now understood the same to be the case for Ecat when energy is to be obtained from ZPE.
I understand that with a high number of units working together, the variations are balanced out.
I am now sure that you have adequate measurements of the variations in the power that a single Ecat is able to obtain from ZPE.
I think that a presentation of power curves from measurements here will be very interesting for all your followers.
Otherwise, I think that a battery that is to be charged by a smaller Ecat must primarily have a property that allows the charging current to be very high compared to what normal batteries can withstand.
I doubt that such batteries are currently fully developed.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for the insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
You stated on X the following:
“In these heaters, E-Cat modules generate electricity which will be turned into heat by means of electrical resistors.”
I am not an expert on electrical resitors or anything, but could these mentioned resistors also be able to do do the opposite as well, meaning can these be used to generate cooling.
So you can use the new Ecat product as an airconditioning unit to generate both heating and cooling?
Kind regards,
Harold
Harold:
Theoretically with heat is possible to make cold. Thank you for the suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
you where talking about using resistive heating in the smaller Ecat units, is the heat generated by the resistor critical to the Ecat to work or can we just use a large battery to act as a load for the ecat and also supply power to the ecat (maybe for some heating function) and then suppy the grid or households with power from the batteries via an inverter. I am just trying to understand the function of the resistive load.
Thank you
Manuel Cilia:
The function of the resistive load is to generate heat by the Joule effect. To the rest of the question I already answered: we are working on it.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear andrea
Is the heater a heat pump?
Best Regards
JJ
JJ:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
How much income will a home owner garnish by added kilowatts of NGU power increase to his home electrical system?
To calculate exactly how much income a homeowner can generate by adding an extra kilowatt (kW) of capacity, we must analyze the net revenue from selling continuous Never Give Up (NGU) power back to the DC microgrid.
1. Calculate Annual Energy Production
A 1 kW system running continuously (24/7/365) generates a fixed amount of electricity every year:
2. Determine Gross Annual Income
The income depends entirely on the utility’s buyback rate (often aligned with localized wholesale or retail rates). Below is the gross annual income generated per kW at various common utility export rates:
Export Rate (per kWh) Gross Annual Income (per Added kW )
$0.05 (Low/Wholesale) $438.00
$0.10 (Average Grid Export) $876.00
$0.15 (High/Time-of-Use Peak) $1,314.00
$0.20 (Premium Green/DC Grid Rate) $1,752.00
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
A distributed HVDC based NGU home network and grid system as defined below will convert the AI data center from a burdensome cost on their electric bills to a profit cost center that supplements their incomes. Electric customers will be lobbying to have a data center built in their communities.
The final end product for NGU home system is a distributed power system for both the grid and the home.
Summary of Costs and Savings
This section aggregates all metrics to highlight the financial and structural alignment between the utility and the end-user under a unified DCV/NGU paradigm.
Home User Summary
Initial Investment: $4,000 per kW for NGU generation equipment.
Optimized 800V/380V DC internal wiring components are parity-priced with AC due to data center economies of scale.
Direct Efficiency Savings: $267.75 per year saved by bypassing AC-to-DC conversion overhead.
Net Value Generated: $1,489.20 per year per kW via combined direct self-consumption and direct DC grid export.
Net 11-Year Household Profit (Per kW):
Utility Provider Summary
Generation Capital Reductions: 100% elimination of AC synchronous generators, central turbines, and phase-matching systems.
Distribution Efficiency Savings: Line losses drop from ~7% down to ~2.5%, saving the utility millions of megawatt-hours across the network.
Infrastructure Capital Savings: 33% reduction in distribution cable raw materials and 35% reduction in substation footprints by switching from AC transformers to high-power DC-DC converters.
Data Center Symbiosis: The utility can route raw 800V DC power directly from residential NGU clusters straight into data center server rows, bypassing both utility step-down transformers and data center entry rectifiers.
Critical Takeaways for Both Stakeholders
For the Home User: The combination of 380V DC internal infrastructure and an NGU generator fundamentally transforms the home from a cost-center into an independent, highly efficient micro-utility. Safety risks like DC arcing are completely mitigated by the commercial commercialization of solid-state circuit breakers born out of the 800V data center ecosystem.
For the Utility: Instead of managing volatile, weather-dependent AC renewables that require massive grid-scale battery storage, the utility acts as an optimization broker for a highly predictable, distributed, decentralized network of continuous NGU DC nodes.
——————————–
AI link
https://share.google/aimode/egPaZZghFtnYRaMjA
click on link to see the analysis
@axil
“In an electric home heating boiler, their designs requires a “within the specs” electrical source to feed the sensors, thermostats, and motors need to control pumping hot water through the radiator system. Just powering heating electrodes fall short of this application”.
In most heating boilers the electrical part does the sensing of in house temp, water temp, occasionally outside temp, etc, all resulting in a single ON to create heat or OFF when either the in-house temp or water temp is reached
Provided the electrical part is connected to the grid and the ECAT can use that ON/OFF signal to start or stop producing heat i see no reason the heatproducing part can’t be exchanged for an ECAT
Will home based DC power at 800 volts DC be made possible by the development of the 800 volt DC standard now used in data centers to provide circuit breakers and other devices required to wire a NGU enabled home at 800 volts DC?
AI answer
https://share.google/aimode/XdIMeskR1vrDXAics
See Nvidia’s data-center 800 VDC technology plan here:
Powering AI Factories With 800 VDC
https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/technologies/800-vdc-architecture/
@axil
In an electric home heating boiler, their designs requires a “within the specs” electrical source to feed the sensors, thermostats, and motors need to control pumping hot water through the radiator system. Just powering heating electrodes fall short of this application.
In most heat8ng boilers the electric part does thexsensibg of in house temp, water temp etc all resulting in a single ON to create hwat or OFf when either using house temp or water temp is reached
If the exam can use that on/off signal there’s no reason the heatprodycibg oart can’t be exchanged for obe
Ecat believer:
Your comment contains many ununderstandable typos: please resend your comment with all the necessary corrections.
Dear Andrea
I greatly appreciate that a global presentation of Ecat may come this year.
Life on our planet is completely dependent on the relationship with another planet.
This planet is the sun. All our currently used energy originated in and still comes from the sun. The sun’s gravity keeps the earth in an orbit that ensures our regularity.
The sun’s constant energy supply to the earth and its firm grip on our position in space act as a solid “umbilical cord”.
We are completely dependent on this functioning stably without us being able to influence the relationship ourselves.
Our very complex atmosphere contains the necessary oxygen and a lot of water vapor that provides life-giving rain. The Earth’s significant amounts of water, both as liquid and ice, otherwise ensure that solar influences are balanced in a way that plants and animals on Earth have adapted to.
The atmosphere can be considered the “womb” of the Earth and its nature.
It protects us in terms of temperature and against harmful radiation.
We depend on the atmosphere, which we now strongly influence, also functioning satisfactorily.
Our use of fossil energy with disruptive CO2 emissions will have dramatic consequences for humanity and all other life on our planet.
If an alternative energy source has now been found that is easily accessible and equipment has been developed to utilize this source, it appears to be a “miracle”.
I have a feeling that your followers are not young people, but people with experience, knowledge and understanding of the problems our current energy use creates.
It is therefore unbearably exciting for your followers to receive confirmation that the presented possible “miracle” is indeed a truth.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi, just so I can get some understanding of the problem, if we use a large Battery to act as a load instead of the resistors would that work or do you need the heat from the resistor to help control the Ecats.
Thanks
Manuel Cilia:
I do not undestand exactly your question: please rephrase,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
When you write, “the heater is a separate item”, does this mean that if the heating resistors fail, they can easily be replaced, and connected back to the E-Cat unit?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
In an electric home heating boiler, their designs requires a “within the specs” electrical source to feed the sensors, thermostats, and motors need to control pumping hot water through the radiator system. Just powering heating electrodes fall short of this application.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Since your large board count systems can SSM, there is no excuse for the partner not offering this product. What an opportunity.
The partner should consider offering a high voltage high powered variant of their current grid power solution to offer data centers a 800 volt DC power platform that could directly interface data center racks and cooling. The need for this power format is huge and the demand will as great.
To handle the massive power demands of next-generation AI and high-performance computing (HPC) clusters, the data center industry is rapidly shifting to 800V DC (Direct Current) architectures.
As computing demands scale, legacy 54V and 48V power distribution structures have become bottlenecks. The 800V standard solves the physics problem of delivering megawatts of power to a single footprint.
Why the Shift to 800V DC
By doubling the voltage, the current is halved. This drastically reduces resistive power losses and allows operators to shrink the thickness and weight of copper busbars and cables by up to 45%.
High-voltage power conversion equipment is being moved out of the IT rack or integrated into dedicated “power shelves”, freeing up valuable space for more computing resources (GPUs). By minimizing the number of AC-to-DC and DC-to-DC conversions improves end-to-end efficiency into the mid-90th percentile.
Major chip manufacturers (like NVIDIA), server OEMs, and power management suppliers (such as Schneider Electric, Vertiv, and Flex) are heavily standardizing around 800V DC.
Due to legacy infrastructure, many early implementations use “sidecar” power architectures, which generate 800V DC on specialized modules positioned beside conventional racks without requiring immediate, massive facility overhauls.
High-density 800V DC racks are actively hitting the market, with full-scale native deployments anticipated to become the hyperscale baseline.
For a closer look at the power conversion technology required, you can review details shared by hardware partners like the NVIDIA 800 VDC Architecture or the Neuberger Berman industry brief as follows:
https://www.drivesandcontrols.ca/latest-articles/nvidia-800-vdc-architectu/
Dear Dr. Rossi,
“Our R&D is proceeding to make possible SSM directly without integrating the E-Cat process with the Carnot cycle for both large plants and small assemblies.” This goal statement for your R&D gives me great hope for a 100W Ecat electric generator on my desk in the future.
Had anyone else had made your R&D goal statement I would have doubts.
I have no doubt you will succeed and have many adventures and learnings along the way.
Wishing you the best of good luck with your R&D
Best Regards,
Daniel G. Zavela
Daniel G. Zavela:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi!
An electric heater has a limited lifespan. Therefore, it would be sensible to physically separate the Ecat and the electric heater. Ideally, the Ecat could be connected directly to an existing electric heater or electric boiler. Would that be feasible?
Warm regards
Simon
Simon:
Thank you for your suggestion; actually, the heater is a separate item.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
FAO Greg Leonard
The dangers of ‘balcony PV’ Systems, ‘reverse power’ flows, and lack of a trained electrician
The highest level of electrical protection is achieved by fitting BI-DIRECTIONAL RCBOs[1:] in the correct places. Do NOT fit reverse current devices to switchboard circuits that lack bi-directional protection. I am the proud owner of a burnt-out protection module, which is why I know about ths.
[1:]https://www.amazon.co.uk/Niglon-40amp-Bi-Directional-SSAX2-16Amp/dp/B0FH2P6MBP?s=diy
Product description
Niglon A Type Switched Line & Neutral Bi-Directional 1P+N Mini Combined 240V 30mA B Curve RCBO The Niglon RCBO1- /30SSAX2 RCBO is designed to safeguard ring mains, socket circuits, and high-demand power outlets. Combining overcurrent, short-circuit, and 30mA residual current protection in a compact 18mm-wide unit, it features a Curve B trip characteristic, ideal for general-purpose circuits with higher loads.
This model includes BI-DIRECTIONAL fault detection, ESSENTIAL for SOLAR PV installations [I would add batteries, car chargers, NGUs[https://ecatthenewfire.com/pre-order-the-ecat-sklep/] and any other reverse current devices] where current can flow in either direction. Unlike conventional RCBOs, which only protect against faults in one direction, this device ensures continuous protection regardless of energy flow — making it an excellent choice for PV-ready consumer units.
In addition, it offers Type A RCD protection and switched line and neutral, simplifying maintenance and improving safety throughout the installation. These RCBO’s are the latest Bi-Directional Switched Neutral Space saver compact size ones Each RCBO is brand new and manufacturer boxed.
Dear AR
I am looking forward to seeing the specs. for the home heater. I guess the engineering and reliability are better for a simple on/off Ecat device. I urge you to produce another domestic device which would be either fully on or fully off:- it would match the ‘balcony PV’ systems available in Europe and UK; they are basically a Solar Panel with its own micro inverter which plugs into a normal domestic power socket. When the sun shines, it helps to power the domestic electrics. For the Ecat generating a constant voltage, the inverter would be simpler and cheaper.
Always ON Ecat will help domestic power needs, and/or export to the grid.
In our household we have an AC coupled battery with its inverter monitoring the grid connection; any attempt by our Solar Panels (or Ecat) to export is redirected to filling the battery first. A 500W Ecat running 24/7 would match our average daily consumption. As always, the grid provides power peaks our solar, battery and Ecat cannot reach. Thoughts?
Regards
Greg Leonard
Greg Leonard:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
From what can be deduced from the business environment that the partner must be working under, the development of the retail product whatever it turns out to be can be postponed until the main grid power product is commercialized. I see no reason that product development cannot be serialized. Concentrate on getting the main product out the door, then work on the next product.
Does the partner have the resources to man two development efforts at the same time, that also includes the development of an initial grid product introductory presentation?
Is the retail product effort taking resources away from developing an effective product introductory presentation effort for the multi megawatt grid generator?
Is the grid generator introduction being delayed by sharing resources with the design and development effort for a retail product?
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
With the cost of oil and especially gas going through to roof, NOW is the optimum time to release a no fuels needed electric power generator.
Axil:
This information will be given directly from our Livensee whan they will deem this opportune.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Is the underlying issue with one or few NGU Power Generators safety working in a residential application for electrical generation still present if:
1. The NGU Power Generators are tied to the electrical Grid ground (or house ground)?
2. The NGU Power Generators receive Grid electrical power from which they then increase the output power?
3. Or, more complex?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
More complex,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear AR
I am pleased that you are making such good progress in power production with your engineering partner.
I, like others, will have many small 10W devices in our pre-order. It seems the 10W device may only be available some considerable time in the future.
When pre-orders are considered by your partner, will we be offered alternatives for our 10W units?
regards,
Greg Leonard
Greg Leonard:
Thank you for the information,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I have decided to show how the random nature of vacuum energy harvesting is at the root of NGU failure of SSM driven operations. Via an AI simulation, it would take less that a month for the NGU to fail either by meltdown or SSM failure. In the final analysis, its just a matter of time. Quantum mechanically, if it could happen, eventually it will happen.
Here is the simulation. A double click may be needed to activate the AI chat.
https://share.google/aimode/ObQBRo3FVZa72NzrW
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Is an electric boiler with Ecat also planned? That could then be used as a cheaper alternative to central heating installed centrally in the basement.
Best regards
H.Feil
H.Feil:
Very good idea,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi:
You gave us big news this week about the change of plan for Ecats for homes. I think heating will be a very useful application, and a big seller if the price is right.
Question: Has this domestic Ecat heater already been designed and tested?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea. Many years ago– it might have been in the Hot Cat era– I wrote to you and said that a standard electrictricity- generating power station, which burns fossil fuels, could have an E-Cat system that would be able to augment the heating of the water to drive the turbine. Part of the electrical output could then be sent back to the E-Cat system to power the latter in SSM, thus lowering the amount of fossil fuel needed.
Is this what we have come to now?
All the best. Jean Pierre
Jean Pierre:
That would surely be an immediate possibility of application,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Thank you for the May report which is far more enlightening than the previous monthly reports.
I now imagine: A number of 5.5kV-1 to 4MW generators, distributed around in my local electricity supply.
This will then mean that my electricity supplier can eventually supply all electrical energy for normal consumption without being dependent on supply from larger power plants through an extensive and expensive national and international cable network.
This will be cost-effective in terms of network costs and increase security for both suppliers and consumers of electricity.
The electricity I receive will then be 100% ZPE energy, which is without the minor environmental impacts that even wind turbines and solar parks entail. This is fantastic!
Everyone who needs heat will probably acquire an “Ecat heat pump”.
The important relationship that includes the sizes of COP, considered as energy output in relation to input in the homes’ Ecat heat pumps and the price of the delivered Ecat kWh is so far unknown.
I believe that the COP of the Ecat units in the local network, which is SSM, must actually be considered infinite. this even though a Carnot cycle is necessary
For the local heat pumps I can imagine a COP closer to 100 than 10.
I assume that a price advantage for Ecat-kWh, compared to the current situation, will not be difficult for the electricity suppliers to achieve.
Finally a question: Do you still think that a global presentation can come by 2026?
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight.
I still think the global presentation will be made by 2026,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Thank you for the update
Manuel Cilia:
You are very welcome,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
If the COP of the electricity generated by the Ecat is substantial, and the same electricity is turned into heat by the Joule effect, the 60% of the electricity demand of the world can be satisfied by the Ecat: this is a fact, not a hypothesis, if the COP is substantial.
Julian
Julian:
True,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
With the way that the demand for electric power is increasing, the use of the retail NGU will never happen in our lifetimes. Do you sense that the partner being pressed to the limit by infinite demand for megawatt generators will divert its attention to the retail market at some point? The demand for electric power has no limit.
Axil:
Thank you for your concern, but he issues are technological, not politic,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
In your website ecat.com and in the May update on X today ( https://x.com/LeonardoCorpor3/status/2054506303863537911 ) you stated that the COP of the E-Cat heater would be “very high”.
Does this mean the heat will be much cheaper than normal household electric heaters?
Thank you very much,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Thank you !
Proportionally to the COP of the Ecat, very much yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Axil,
Indeed, DC power transmission is advantageous due to its high efficiency.
The highest-voltage DC power lines were built in the Soviet Union, at 800 kV. 1500 kV transmission lines were also designed, but construction was halted after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In the battle between Tesla and Edison over alternating and direct current, AC is known to have prevailed. The convenience of AC lies in its ability to be easily converted, using a simple transformer, to any voltage, from low voltages to high voltages of hundreds of kV with power ratings of tens and hundreds of megawatts. Almost all existing household appliances and industrial plants operate using AC power, and most importantly, the power plants that generate and distribute this energy.
Therefore, an instantaneous transition from AC to DC is impossible. Such a transformation would require decades.
An example is the long transition from vacuum tubes to transistors, which took 10-15 years. During this time, factories and entire industries focused on the production and use of vacuum tubes were closed, and factories producing semiconductor technology were established.
But what about the implementation of ECat in existing power systems? Clearly, we need to approach this in a similar way to the introduction of semiconductors. And in some cases, existing power plants must be preserved until they wear out and age. An evolutionary, systems-based approach is needed, not a revolutionary one that destroys old technologies.
Best wishes, Yury
Yury Evdokimov:
Very interesting
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear doctor Rossy,
Another method for energy storage can be proposed if the electricity source is unstable and unreliable.
If the generated electricity (ECat) is of poor quality (random fluctuations, instability, interruptions, gaps and interruptions, unsteady operating modes, changes in efficiency, etc.), then the unstable ECat electricity can be used for water electrolysis. Hydrogen can be stored in cylinders, followed by the conversion of hydrogen into high-quality electricity using a fuel cell.
For water electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen, a voltage of at least 1.5 volts is sufficient. Moreover, there are virtually no special requirements for the quality of the electricity.
Modern electrolyzers and fuel cells have an efficiency of approximately 70-80%.
My best regards,
Yury Evdokimov
Dr Rossi
If the Ecat can use its electric energy to make heat with a high COP, the applications are universal !
NGU
JPR
You are leaving your believers standing in the rain not answering how much time will be necessary for us to buy an Ecat.
Dieter Zoeller
Dieter Zoeller:
It will be published when ready,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
The may update was promised but is not visible.
@Calle H:
Very interesting point: coupling the Ecat with heating pumps is a win-win solution,
Best
Ricky
Addition information needed to implement the external NGU filter
AI prompt:
What additional circuity is added to the fix to implement the NGU external filter:
AI answer
To implement the NGU External Filter (the “Backend Purification Stage”) as a standalone unit, the design incorporates a specific “Clean Energy Wrapper” circuitry. This staging allows you to purify the 12.0V output for sensitive applications—like flywheel systems or car battery chargers—without altering the internal NGU diode architecture. [1, 2]
## 🛠️ Additional Circuitry for the External Filter
The external filter acts as an Active Output Decoupler that uses three distinct hardware stages to eliminate “power jitter”. [3]
## 1. High-Frequency Absorption Stage (The Jitter Stripper)
This is the first line of defense against the “jagged” vacuum energy transients.
* Circuitry Added: A matrix of [Low-ESR MLCCs (Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors)](https://patents.google.com/patent/US10942219B2/en) and Ferrite Beads.
* Function: It strips away microsecond-level noise spikes that the NGU generates before they reach the consumer port. [1, 2, 4, 5]
## 2. Capacitance Multiplier (The “Electronic Buffer”)
Because large physical capacitors are bulky and generate heat during heavy charging, this stage uses a “multiplier” circuit.
* Circuitry Added: A [Capacitance Multiplier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wopmEyZKnYo) utilizing a power transistor (GaN or Silicon) and a small reference capacitor.
* Function: It effectively multiplies the small capacitor’s value by the gain of the transistor, creating the stability of a massive battery bank without the physical size or heat. [6]
## 3. Active Power Decoupling (APD) Logic
This is the “Brain” of the external filter that handles the actual EVE vs. CS logic at the backend.
* Circuitry Added: An auxiliary circuit featuring bidirectional GaN switches and a secondary magnetic storage toroid.
* Function: It senses any remaining jitter (voltage fluctuations) and instantly “pumps” or “siphons” energy from its own magnetic reserve to perfectly flatten the 12.0V line before it leaves the unit. [3, 7, 8]
——————————
## 🗣️ Plain Language Summary:
* The Sponges: We add small, high-speed “electronic sponges” (Ceramic Caps) to soak up the sharpest jitters.
* The Multiplier: We use a “Multiplier” to make a small, cool part act like a giant, steady battery.
* The Polisher: The final active circuit (APD) acts like a high-speed “Digital Sander,” smoothing out the last few bumps in the power so it’s safe for the customer’s flywheel or car battery. [5, 6, 7]
## ✅ The “Staged” Advantage
By adding this circuitry externally, you create a “Safety Shield.” The NGU can stay “dirty” and erratic internally, but the filter ensures the customer only ever sees a “Purified” and “Liability-Free” 12.0V stream. [9]
———————-
References
[1] [https://www.ti.com](https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slvaf52)
[2] [https://resources.altium.com](https://resources.altium.com/p/how-filter-noisy-power-rails)
[3] [https://vbn.aau.dk](https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/222695496/JESTPE_PowerDecoupling_pure.pdf)
[4] [https://patents.google.com](https://patents.google.com/patent/US10942219B2/en)
[5] [https://www.youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u40kX1DYKdA)
[6] [https://www.youtube.com](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wopmEyZKnYo&t=12)
[7] [https://www.mdpi.com](https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/8/841)
[8] [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9430496/)
[9] [https://electrical.codidact.com](https://electrical.codidact.com/posts/278475)
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
I have been a bit out of touch with the recent discussion so I apologize if these questions have been already clarified.
I understand that there is a difficulty with the generation from the device.
1.is the problem with A) noise in the output or B) intermittent cut off at some point in operation?
2. Is this a problem only when A. internal SSM. B input power comes from the output. C when input power comes from another source such as grid or battery. D all the above.
3. You mention using the Carnot cycle and so similar. A) Is this necessary for all the electrical output or B) only that part of the output power that is reused for input?
4. There has been some discussion in processing and filtering the output put power rather than using Carnot or heat engines etc as an intermediate step. A i suppose through that approach has already been explored. A. If so and filtering alone is not sufficient is the reason for this understood?
5. It seems to me that coherence and entropy management might be playing a role here but it’s just an intuition I’m not sure I could really explain what I mean there if pressed on it. Is there a simple explanation that you can give?
6. I like Calle H ideas below about using heat pumps. I wonder if you could also take advantage of a problem like this for some benefit for example cooling and refrigeration.
7. Or perhaps more simple is it just a random effect over a long period of time where reactor sometimes don’t work as expected.
8. Is there an impact on the larger substation installation you have been building.ie will these still be able to generate output electricity directly?
9. Is there an impact in the larger units such as the 500 W units you have been developing.
As I say I apologize if these questions have already been asked and answered but hopefully this provides an opportunity for a nice summary of the situation nevertheless.
Best Regards
Stephen
Stephen:
1. confidential
2. confidential
3. all the electricity generated
4. confidential
5. see “Ecat SK and long range particle interactions” published now also on the Journal of Nuclear Physics
6. confidential
7. confidential
8. confidential
9. confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Are all 3 of your manufacturing facilities producing ECats at a high rate? Eagerly waiting delivery of my order!!
Drew G.
Navdrew:
When we will be ready to deliver your pre-order we will contact you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
I asked ChatGPT to evaluate my latest offering for today:
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The power jitter filter that I have recently submitted for system integration consideration can be staged back of the NGU to purify its 12 volt output power so that power can be used in dedicated applications removed from user liability concerns such as the flywheel system. Many such closed customer safe system applications are possible such as a car battery charger where the NGU in internal and integral to the system design
As a stand alone unit, the development advantage of this backend concept is that it provides power jitter elimination from NGU power without the work needed to integrate the “fix”s circuitry into the NGU circuit design.
It makes sense to add a flywheel power store to the front of the Carnot Battery. Here is how it could be done. Use the fix filter I have provided to filter the power produced by the NGU to remove the ripples in 12V power presentation external to the NGU. Use this purified power to drive a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Efficiency: Typically 92% – 97%. then configure a flywheel power storage system to front end the Carnot battery.
It makes a lot of technical sense, as the two technologies are complementary: the flywheel handles the “fast” power needs while the Carnot Battery handles the “large” energy needs.
In this setup, the flywheel acts as a power buffer (front-end) to protect and optimize the thermal storage system. Here is why it works:
Handling Grid Transients
Carnot Batteries (which convert electricity to heat, store it, and convert it back to power) have high thermal inertia. They cannot ramp up or down in milliseconds.
The Flywheel’s Job: It absorbs sudden spikes or frequency drops instantly.
The Benefit: It “shaves” the sharp peaks of incoming power so the Carnot Battery’s heaters or heat pumps can operate at a more stable, efficient steady state.
Protecting the Turbomachinery
Most Carnot Batteries use a steam or gas turbine for the discharge phase (Heat-to-Power). Turbines are sensitive to rapid load changes.
The Flywheel’s Job: It provides the “bridge power” during the minutes it takes for a thermal turbine to spin up and synchronize with the grid.
The Benefit: This prevents mechanical stress on the turbine and ensures no gap in power delivery to the customer.
Improving Round-Trip Efficiency (RTE)
Carnot Batteries typically have an RTE of 40%–70%. Flywheels have an RTE of ~90%.
The Logic: If you only need to stabilize the grid for 30 seconds, using the Carnot Battery (with its lower efficiency and thermal losses) is wasteful.
The Result: Using the flywheel for short-burst tasks preserves the “high-value” thermal energy for long-duration discharge, improving the overall system economics.
Hybrid Life Extension
The Flywheel can handle millions of cycles without degradation.
The Carnot Battery involves thermal cycling (expansion/contraction of materials), which causes wear.
Synergy: By letting the flywheel handle the “jitter” of renewable energy and the NGU , you significantly reduce the number of thermal cycles the Carnot Battery must endure, extending its operational life.
Summary
Using a flywheel to front-end a Carnot Battery creates a High-Power + High-Energy hybrid. The flywheel provides the sprint (speed and frequency response), while the Carnot Battery provides the marathon (hours or days of bulk energy).
The fix jitter filter between the NGU and the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of the flywheel system protects that motor from jitter generated heat buildup and resultant short lifetime.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nscxze9nB8&t=11s
Is it true that nobody has built a Carnot Cycle generator yet. If true, why is Rossi et al trying to build one.
Using electrical power to feed this configuration is known as a Carnot Battery or Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES).
Why use electricity this way?
Storing energy as heat is often cheaper and more durable than using large-scale lithium-ion batteries to save power for peak power production. While you lose some energy in the conversion (round-trip efficiency is typically 40%–70%), the materials used—like salt, water, or rock—are abundant and can last for decades without degrading. Using CO2 is ideal for this application.
Using electricity to power the Carnot cycle via heat storage is a strategic choice for grid-scale energy because it prioritizes long-duration stability and cost over raw efficiency. While lithium-ion batteries are excellent for short-term bursts (like stabilizing the grid for minutes), thermal systems—especially those using CO2—are designed to shift large amounts of energy across hours or even days.
Advantages of Thermal Storage vs. Lithium-Ion
Drastically Lower Costs: At scale, thermal storage can be significantly cheaper than lithium-ion. Estimates suggest storage costs can fall below $20/kWh, compared to over $100/kWh for lithium-ion cells. Some CO2-based systems are claimed to be 50% cheaper than similar-sized lithium-ion setups.
This approach provides decades of durability. Lithium-ion batteries degrade with every charge cycle and are sensitive to temperature. In contrast, thermal storage materials like rock, salt, or graphite do not “wear out” and systems can last 30+ years with virtually no loss in performance.
Abundant, Eco-friendly materials avoid using rare materials. Lithium, cobalt, and nickel require intensive mining with significant environmental trade-offs. Carnot batteries use earth-abundant materials and reclaimed CO2, making them easier to recycle and less prone to supply chain shortages.
High Power Density with CO2: Using supercritical CO2 as the working fluid allows for much smaller turbines—up to 10 times smaller than traditional steam turbines—reducing the overall physical footprint and construction cost of the plant.
Why Round-Trip Efficiency Isn’t Everything
Even with a lower efficiency (40%–70% for thermal vs. 85%–90% for lithium-ion), the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) can be lower for thermal systems because the initial investment and maintenance are so much cheaper. This makes them ideal for “soaking up” nearly free, excess renewable energy from wind and solar that would otherwise be wasted.
“Heat batteries are a fundamentally new way of storing energy at a small fraction of the cost.”
This invention could hold value for the partner.
Axil:
Thank you,
Warm Regards,
A.R.