Rossi Blog Reader
This website tracks recent postings to Andrea Rossi's
Journal of Nuclear Physics,
sorting the entries with priority to Rossi's answers, which appear under each question.
• Email to Andrea Rossi - Journal Of Nuclear Physics
• Website comments to the Webmaster (who has no contact or connection with Rossi).
• Updated: 2025-11-13 10:50:09.642168Z
Hi Andrea:
In case it might be a helpful suggestion:
In my opinion the E-cat unit price should be that which generates sufficient cash flow to comfortably cover the cost of financing whatever the rate of growth in demand turns out to be:
Suppose, for example, that production starts at a rate of one million units per year (about 2700 units per day), and that demand were to be found to rise at a rate of 50% per year: after 25 years at that expansion rate, output and demand would amount to 2.5×10^10 units annually. I suggest that the product should be priced so as to comfortably finance such a rate of expansion.
Among the advantages of this would be that massive and highly efficient production could be quickly established to forestall the attractiveness to anyone who might wish to compete without complying with their responsibilities under patent law.
Very likely that is already the plan. I am just adding some encouragement.
Rodney.
Rodney Nicholson:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea ,
Will the 500 W be cheaper than the 5×100 W. ?
Thanks
Martin:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
are you using an e-cat in your home?
Warm Regards,
Gabriele
Gabriele:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
May I ask a few more questions about your new high voltage devices that may be of interest to those interested in your work.
1. Is the usage life time of the device I reduced with the higher power output?
2 Or does it remain about the same?
I suppose that with the higher voltage low current devices any joule heating is reduced when compared to the previous 12V devices.
3. Is the heat output of the new device reduced compared to the earlier devices and consequently one may say its efficiency increased?
4. Or does it remain the same percentage (if I recall right about 5% of output power as before?
Best regards
Stephen
Stephen:
1. no
2. yes
3. no
4. yes
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
One of the biggest problems with wind and solar-based energy is adjusting the production to the current consumption at any given time.
An Ecat-based 22kV-1MW plant includes 2000 simple 500W Ecats.
Can the total energy output from such a plant be regulated in close to 2000 steps so that the production can be easily and accurately adjusted to the current energy demand?
Regards Svein
Svein:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
I totally understand the cautious approach of your global licensee to the market: every other day there is somebody that announces his readiness to present their reactor: what a strange coincidence with the possibility for them to buy something useful for their reverse engineering… If I was your global licensee I too should prefer to sell only big plants for industrial and restricted applications, to consolidate the bases before allowing the reverse engineering that unavoidably will go on.
Good luck !
Don
Donato Giubilei:
I agree.
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
It’s almost mid-November now. Can you tell us which of the production sites will produce and deliver the very first ecat units? Which of the sites in the EU, USA or Asia will be the first, second and third? And how many weeks will there be between the first and third production sites?
Warm regards
Steffen
Steffen:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi, Your development of a 500W reactor is amazing. Can you tell us, is the actual reactor larger, or do you get the gain from efficiency in managing the existing reactor
Ron Stringer:
It will be larger, but not as much as an assembly made by 5 units of 100 W,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Thank you for your quick response to my recognition of your licensees’ strategy.
I can also point out that since in all countries there is also a need for government approvals for new construction and land use, a situation where the applicant, in addition to not requiring access to local electricity, can offer to expand its own energy production beyond its own needs and thereby deliver 22kV to the local network. This with energy that is more environmentally friendly than both wind and solar power.
It is probably very interesting in all local areas in all countries.
Such a building application with such an offer will probably be able to get through the system quickly.
Since an Ecat-based 22kV plant produces the energy and does not only transmit energy produced by others, the Ecat electricity will be able to give the owners of the 22kV stations a good profit compared to normal market prices for electricity in most countries.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Bonjour Docteur ROSSI et aussi à toute votre Equipe
Suggestion:
des maisons
des usines,
des centrales de production toutes témoins du bon fonctionnement de l’ECAT Il est grand temps de se lancer croyez vous pas?
Amitiés Jean-Claude ELVIRA
ELVIRA:
I agree,
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
I read on http://www.ingandrearossi.com how you passed through your calvary. It’s quite moving.
All the best,
Craig
Craig Dunn:
Without that “calvary”, as you dub it, I wouldn’t be where I am now. Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
If one or more 22kV units of 1MW can serve a new data center without the need for access to electrical energy from the existing network, there is a very lucrative and pressing market here.
Is such use a clear opportunity?
This alone would be reason enough for your licensees to primarily focus on 22kV units in all countries, as there is a shortage of both available electrical energy and the necessary distribution networks everywhere.
Applications to the authorities for such critical permits would thus be avoided.
Regards Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
How is COP measured?
1) P out/ P in?
2) An internal measurement of P out/ P ecat where P total = P out + P ecat?
3) The 10W reactor is the reference where by increased voltages achieve increased power out exceeding 10W?
Steve D:
1. Wh/h out/Wh/h in
2. see point 1
3. W = A x V, therefore being W constant, V is a function of A and viceversa
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
It’s very exciting news to hear that the 500 W unit is progressing well and already under testing I presume.
May I ask a few related questions.
1. Is this unit based in a single reactor core?
2. Or an assembly of reactors or subunits?
3. In either case I suppose that this improvement is a result of some previous limiting factor now being resolved or worked around in away that is allowing it to fulfill its potential, is this the case?
4. Are you also considering going larger still? Or will you stick with the 500W units?
Anyway it sounds like positive news and I’m looking forward to hearing how it goes.
Best Regards
Stephen
Stephen:
1. yes
2. see point 1
3. it is still a process on course
4. we’ll see
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Rossi
Could you please clarify whether when you talk about 22Kv output are the Ecat cells wired in series adding up to 22Kv DC or are they connected in series them say up to 1Kv dc and then putting it via a DC to AC inverter with 600Vac output then stepping up via a tranformer to 22kV AC.
This is very common with Solar PV, this would allow the system to be grid compatible without further testing if PV inverters are used.
Manuel Cilia:
The situation is more complex,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi
1) What formula do you use to calculate COP.
2) Based on this formula, what is the COP of the 10W base unit?
3) Assuming my understanding that the current theory of how the ECAT works is that energy is transferred from the “ZPE field” to, for lack of a better term, “our world”, shouldn’t this energy input be considered in the COP calculation, in which case the COP is probably less than unity?
Best Regards, LarryG
DrLG:
1. Wh/h out/Wh/h in
2. please see the datasheet
3. correct
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Is the COP higher when the output of the Ecat is at 20/22 kV vs. 12/24, or 110/230 V ?
Best,
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
Yes, remarkably,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Now that you are on the Production stage, can you share how many MWs of units were ordered under the pre-order sales from individuals like me?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
This information does not depend on me: I am not responsible of the production,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Can they tell what current the reactor “generates” directly before it leaves the output of the module (10W/12V)?
So before the electronics in the module bring him up to these values.
1.V.
2.A.
3.Hz.
Tommek:
A = W/V
For the rest, see the datasheet in
http://www.ecat.com
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Thank you for your response on the 500W Power Units.
Questions:
1. The has an output Voltage of 20,000 Volts. Is that DC?
2. Is a variant of the 500W Power unit possible at 12VDC, 60VDC, or 120VDC?
3. Does the 20,000V 500W Power Unit directly produce Grid ready power (Grid Intermediate Voltage and synchronized to Grid frequency and phase)?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. DC or AC
2. It will be possible
3. no
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
can you tell us also the dimensions of the 500W unit ?
Thanks a lot and good luck for this new design.
Riccardo
Rick 57:
Not yet, it is still at a prototypical shape,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hello Andrea,
You’re talking about deliveries… do you mean the devices to the private customer or the devices for the licensee for the intermediate power plants? Or both… I know it no longer depends on them, but I think their loyal following would be very happy for the long-standing patience. For me personally, it’s been almost 15 years now. Please put in a good word for us, with your licensees.
Thank you and have a nice weekend
Tommek
Tommek:
This issue does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
The new 500-watt module has amazing features! 20 kV at 25 mA.
I assume this voltage is already AC, ready to be connected to the grid and, of course, perfectly synchronized. Is that correct?
Best regards
Italo R.
Italo R. :
No. It is a module of assemblies to supply intermediate power lines stations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
500W module
Voltage is it really 20 000V AC or DC?
Best regards
Mats Heijkenskjold:
Either
Warm Regards,
A.R.
500W Power Module
1. Have you produced a prototype 500W module?
2. What is the output voltage?
3. What is the output current?
4. How many 500W prototype units exist?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. yes
2. 20,000
3. A = W/V
4. 15
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Point Design for a 1 MW Grid Power System
A possible Utility-Scale Grid Inverter starts with using an off-the-shelf ABB PVS800-MWS-1250kW-20 Utility-Scale inverter.
It is characterized by 2 sets of 8 inputs. Each input can accommodate a DC voltage range of 525 to 825 VDC.
NGU Power Module – Assume an individual building block of a 500W, 12VDC, 41.67 Amp unit.
A Stack would be a series assembly of 65 NGU Power Modules. Each Stack would produce 780 VDC at 41.67 Amps or 32.5 kW of power.
A Column will consist of two Stacks connected in parallel via diode bridges. The Column would produce 780 VDC at 83.33 Amps or 65 kW of power.
Each Column would drive one of the 16 inverter inputs. A total of 16 Columns would be used with the Utility-Scale inverter.
When operating at full power, the 16 columns would generate a total input power of 1.04 MW.
The Utility-Scale inverter has an efficiency of about 97%. So, the available 1.04 MW of input power would result in Grid output power of 1.01 MW.
A Control System could be implemented on the output of each Stack to enable or disable power from that Stack. This would allow power generation control quantization of about 4% of total power. This quantization would allow the Utility-Scale Grid Inverter to accommodate rapid Grid demand variations.
Thoughts?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Will the deliveries start this year or the next ?
Arnab Saha
Arnab Saha:
It does not depend on me, but I think the deliveries will start this year,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
#Italo R.
interessante e intrigante.
Speriamo però che sia prima di marzo 2026…..:-)))
ENGLISH
Interesting and intriguing.
Let’s hope, though, that it happens before March 2026….:-)))
2025-11-04 10:29 Steven Nicholes Karels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrHdz5yMjBI
Introduction to Malcolm Bendall’s Thunderstorm Generator (Plasmoid / MSAART Technology)
Salvation from climate change is at hand.
What would be the result if an industrial based energy free process is invented that produces power as today but converts all resultant hydrocarbon combustion exhaust into mostly oxygen? What would happen to nuclear power if coal based power is clean?
If an energy-free industrial process were invented that produced power from hydrocarbons and converted all combustion exhaust into mostly oxygen, the results would be transformative for the global energy landscape and the environment:
Environmental Impact: This breakthrough would effectively eliminate the primary driver of climate change (anthropogenic CO2 emissions) and air pollution from hydrocarbon use. The continuous production of oxygen would also have a positive impact on air quality.
Continuation of the Hydrocarbon Economy: Fossil fuels would immediately become the dominant, “zero-emissions” energy source due to their existing infrastructure, energy density, and newfound environmental friendliness. The economic incentive to transition away from them for climate reasons would vanish.
Economic Shifts: The global economy would experience massive shifts. The oil and gas industries would boom without the environmental constraints they currently face. The costs associated with environmental damage and health issues from fossil fuels would dramatically decrease.
Geopolitical Changes: Resource-rich nations with large fossil fuel reserves (like the Middle East, Russia, and the U.S.) would maintain or increase their geopolitical influence. Energy security would be greatly enhanced as these fuels become truly sustainable and circular.
Impact on Nuclear Power:
If coal-based and other hydrocarbon power sources became completely clean, producing power as today but with no pollution, the nuclear power industry would face significant challenges and likely become less competitive:
Loss of a Key Advantage: A primary selling point of nuclear power is that it is a zero-carbon, clean, and reliable energy source, which is a major factor in the global effort to decarbonize the energy sector and combat climate change. If fossil fuels shared this advantage, nuclear power would lose a key differentiator.
Economic Viability: Nuclear power plants are expensive to build and operate, and they produce radioactive waste that requires long-term management. Clean, energy-free hydrocarbon production would likely be much cheaper (due to existing infrastructure and a “free” conversion process) and would not have the same waste disposal concerns. This would make nuclear power less economically attractive.
Reduced Incentive for Innovation: The immense investment and research into advanced nuclear technologies (like fusion) or carbon capture and storage (CCS) for existing fossil fuel plants are driven by the need for clean energy. With a perfectly clean fossil fuel option, these incentives would diminish.
Potential Niche Roles: Nuclear power might still be used for specific applications where its unique properties are beneficial (e.g., in certain industrial processes or as a resilient, independent power source in some regions), but its large-scale role in the general electricity market would likely be marginal in comparison to the suddenly limitless and perfectly clean hydrocarbon supply.
Public Perception: While nuclear power is inherently safe when regulated properly, public concern over accidents and waste disposal persists. The hypothetical clean fossil fuel would not carry this public perception burden.
In essence, this invention would make fossil fuels an ideal, virtually limitless, and environmentally perfect energy source, fundamentally altering the energy market and likely marginalizing nuclear power unless it could offer other, compelling, and unique advantages.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Assumptions: In 2026, you can produce and deliver 1 million 500W NGU Power Generators, all of which will be used for Grid Electrical Energy production.
“In the U.S., the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated by grid electrical power generation is approximately 0.81 pounds of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kWh).”
This computes to 3,548 standard tons of CO2 not produced per year per MW.
With 500 MW of NGU power, this means an avoidance of about 1.77 million tons of CO2 per year.
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Good morning, everyone!
In March 2026, Italy will take center stage as a catalyst for global renewal, ushering in a new golden age.
This video seems tailor-made to predict the arrival of the ECAT!
https://www.facebook.com/share/v/17gZuSD4Mg/ (it’s in italian)
The Simpsons have never been wrong!
Okay, these are just predictions from a cartoon, not to be taken too seriously.
That said, it’s intriguing how they’ve seemingly foreseen real future events.
Let’s treat it as a bit of fun.
The date isn’t far off, and in reality, we all know something big is brewing…
Best Regards,
Italo R.
Andrea,
Sad news, a brilliant friend, a legendary NASA scientist, and big believer in your science, Dennis Bushnell has passed away.
https://www.rhaydensmith.com/obituary/dennis-bushnell
Several years ago, Dennis told me: “We asked our best physicists at NASA Langley to evaluate Rossi’s science and the consensus was that it was legitimate.” He felt like it was the future.
Dennis will be missed.
Greg
Greg Smith:
Thank you for your moving comment. I remember Prof. Dennis Bushnell, he was a man of immense intellectual honesty,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi, good morning.
Regarding the new 1 MW plant under construction, could you provide us with informations on the state of preparation, authorizations and certifications, if these informations are not confidential? Thank you.
Kind Regards,
Italo R.
Italo R:
This does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Readers of the JoNP,
It is obvious that the global licensee of Leonardo Corporation wants to have tested for a reasonable period the Ecats delivered to the intermediate stations of the partner before delivery to a global market.
Dear Readers:
Please go to
http://www.rossilivecat.com
to find comments published in other posts of this blog,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr.Rossi:
It occurs to me that the electrical substation strategy could slow down the inevitable I.P. theft and reverse engineering of the Ecat which will occur after product rollout, due to the increased security around electrical substations, and the reduced number of people who would have access to Ecats. This would work only if the sale of Ecats to individuals was delayed. Is this being considered?
Jim Rice
Jim Rice:
Of course,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
If Grid Electrical Power production is “on the tip of the spear”, what goals do you have for 2026?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Now “on the tip of the spear” there are the intermediate power lines stations, what will happen eventually does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
The Tesla vehicles have a problem when they are low on battery charge and the ambient temperature is very low. They cannot be super charged. This event happened a couple of years ago for Teslas parked outside when it was very cold and they were not connected to a charging system. If the Tesla has adequate energy in its battery system, then the car will automatically pre-condition the battery to accept Fast Charging. Otherwise, the Tesla may not allow Fast Charging even though a Supercharge is connected. The Tesla will not charge or pre-heat the battery when it is parked (and not connected to a charger).
The other problem is running out of energy (battery) and not at a charging site. It will likely take several hours to get a Tesla service vehicle to the location and to charge enough for a short trip to the nearest Supercharger.
I suggest that a single NGU Power Generator (0.5 or 1.0 kW) permanently mounted in the Tesla and continuously charging would address these issues. Of course, the Tesla engineers would have to address the changes to the vehicle to support this modification. Over a 24-hour period, additional energy of 12 to 24 kW-hrs would be made available. If the added cost to the sales price of the Tesla was of $2,000 to $4,000 USD, and the owner avoided most trips to the Supercharger, it would be well worth the cost.
In an urban environment, the average commute distance is around 15 miles on-way. So, with an energy efficiency of around 0.25 kW-hrs per mile, the 30 miles of daily travel would require 7.5 kW-hrs each day.
If a Tesla runs out of battery energy and it was not at a charging station, a wait of an hour or two could provide enough energy to reach a nearby charger.
thoughts?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
As I said, EV application are not on the tip of our spear, so far; anyway, thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
In the EU, a company that puts electricity on the grid is obliged to indicate the source from which it comes.
Taking this into account, we will know fairly quickly who puts the E-cat generated power on the grid?
Is this correct?
Best regards
JJ
JJ:
I am not able to answer,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dott. Alessanfro Toninelli,
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Buongiorno Dr Rossi,
I cinesi sono coinvolti nella fabbricazione dei suoi prodotti?
grazie
Are the Chinese involved in the manufacturing of your products?
Thank you.
Pietro:
I cannot answer, obviously, neither in positive or in negative, so far,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Caro Dott. Rossi, cari partecipanti al forum,
penso di fare cosa gradita a chi è italiano, segnalando che il blog EcatNews.it è riattivato e sarà aggiornato con costanza.
Preciso che il blog non ha nessuno scopo di lucro, ne ha alcuna affiliazione con la Leonardo Corp o i suoi partner.
E’ nato anni addietro dalla sola volontà di diffondere le informazioni in relazione a questa straordinaria invenzione che rimarrà come una delle principali nella storia dell’umanità. Purtroppo la mancanza di tempo ci ha impedito di aggiornarlo costantemente, ma ora, a poche settimane dal previsto rilascio dei primi modelli, è stato deciso di ritornare ad aggiornarlo con costanza.
Forse può interessare a chi vuole informare persone di lingua italiano in relazione all’eCat.
In questo articolo una breve introduzione alla tecnologia ecat:
https://www.ecatnews.it/2025/10/la-rivoluzione-energetica-e-qui-il.html
News: 10, 100 o 500 Watt? – erogazione corrente AC nativa – modelli a 22kW
https://www.ecatnews.it/2025/10/news-10-100-o-500-watt-erogazione.html
I migliori auguri al Dott. Rossi e a tutto il team eCat.
@2025-10-29 02:11 Jeff Smathers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ghUyb1O9tQ&t=21s
Dr. Rossi has achieved a fundamental breakthrough in understanding the scientific principles behind the vacuum reaction. A core aspect of this discovery is identifying that exciton-polariton condensation (BEC) is the key mechanism allowing electrons to be transformed into a boson-based condensate.
The field of BEC science is developing rapidly, as the accompanying video explains. Given this fast pace, Dr. Rossi’s theory paper should be periodically updated to keep pace with new developments in the emerging field of polaritronic optics, to which he is a major contributor.
To appreciate the full scope of vacuum reaction science, all associated systems should be considered.
As an example, the presence of “tufs” (or quantum vortices) on the anode surface of the SAFIRE system provides insight into the mechanisms behind the SAFIRE reaction. Since both the SAFIRE system and its associated “replicator” system, Vega, produce both transmutation and energy, it suggests that all such related systems operate on the principle of exciton-polariton condensation. These systems are also based on the Casimir effect, which is proposed as the method for producing negative vacuum energy. This negative vacuum energy is then identified as the fundamental energy source for all these vacuum reaction based systems.
Dr Rossi,
Is the paper “Ecat SK and Long Range Particle Interactions” published yesterday on the Journal of Nuclear Physics coherent with the mechanism of the Ecat NGU ?
Best,
Jim Kelly
Jim Kelly:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Any update on November?
It is coming on 2025 or have to wait for 2026?
Arnab Saha:
As I said, the update at the end of October has been given in the interview made by Frank Acland on EcatWorld. You can find the link in the comment of Frank Acland published here on 2025/10/27 at 11:27 a.m.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
To JoNP’s readers
AR responds on 29.10.2025 that new data sheets will be available when the products are ready. This is not unexpected.
How long this will take is not yet clear.
Pre-orders sent to LC must then be based on their existing data sheets.
In the latest interview with Fank Acland, AR gives his opinion on which part of the market he considers to be the largest.
When the primary units are ready, the manufacturer will probably first enter the areas where the risk, for them, seems the lowest.
Getting into the market as early as possible is obviously of far, far greater importance to the manufacturer than to us users.
When a working product is available, there will probably be copying attempts from several competitors.
Launching something “too early” can therefore harm the manufacturer. The launch is an important “balancing act” here.
Significant and profound changes in the global energy market could make today’s “tariff and trade war” look like a gentle sunset breeze compared to Hurricane Melissa.
The fact that 4 kg of fully recyclable electronics can replace 100,000 kg of fossil energy sources and prevent 200,000 kg of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere is something that hardly anyone who can fully describe the commercial consequences of today.
The fact that a product does not exist 15 years after the patent was granted shows the complexity of the production.
The market is not driven by the need for the product, but by whether it is truly available or not.
Regards Svein
Energy User,
It depends on how you define success. If success is getting the greatest amount of energy on the Grid, then do with Grid Providers. If success in the largest numer of end users, then individuals.
Selling to individuals and hoping they implement successfully and it is reported widely is less than optimal, in my opinion.
Dr Rossi,
Why is still Leonardo Corporation collecting the pre-orders instead of the Global Licensee ?
Norma:
Because the Global Licensee so far prefers not to be known, therefore they have delegated Leonardo Corporation to continue, for the time being, to collect the pre-orders on their behalf,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Andrea,
I know you have a lot of pre-orders and a promise to deliver them.
However, looking at what is the most favorable outcome for humanity, I strongly recommend all available resources in Production go for the Grid power approach.
The pre-orders will take a lot of manpower just coordinating the individual sales and the necessary sales support that goes hand-in-hand with consumer sales.
I believe, if the Grid Power Generator is technically successful, it will and should consume all that can be produced and in the shortest amount of time. This would have the most favorable effect on all of humanity.
You should, of course, continue as Chief Scientist, and continue to develop the technology.
Thoughts?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Thank you for your suggestion,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@Steven Nicholes Karels –
I think the opposite approach is true – in order to make the ecat a success, it will need a social media hype. This can only happen with personal devices in the hand of end users, not with an installation in a big box somewhere in an industrial compound.
Thank you Andrea,
My desire to fully understand the physics …. Of course, how exciting it will be to understand the physics.
Jeff Smathers:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Jeff Smathers:
The main rigorous theoretical paper is
Ecat SK and Long Range Particle Interactions
After reaching on Researchgate 170000 readings, more than all the millions of publications on Researchgate, the paper has been published on the Journal of Nuclear Physics
http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com
Prof
Honestly, will the deliveries start with the grid substations ?
Ambrogio
Dear Andrea Rossi
As per A. Horning question 2025-10-27
1) Does the Ecat NGU generate directly 230V sinusoidal alternating current at 50 Hz or 60Hz.
2) Pure or modified sine output?
3) Does the Ecat NGU have both 12DC and or 230AC outputs or are there two versions?
D4) Does the Ecat NGU have a floating output for series connections, for both AC or DC?
4a) Is 22kV AC achieved by series connections of Ecat NGU?
4b) Or is processing done at a low voltage and a transformer required to step up to 22kV?
5) Is the NGU fitted with syncronisation inputs/ outputs
2025-10-27 14:34 A.Hornung
Dear Dr. Rossi,
the Ecat ngu generates directly 230 V or is this the version with an inverter?
Best regards
A.Hornung
AR Directly
Steve D:
We are working with prototypes and will publish the datasheets when we will have a completed product. So far the sole datasheet available are the ones published on http://www.ecat.com
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Does the 10W NGU include the lens (item 32) mentioned in your patent AU 2021282556 Al?
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
Depends on the situations,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
the ecat ngu generates directly 230 V or is this the version with an inverter?
Best regards
A.Hornung
A.Hornung:
Directly,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hello Andrea,
I am very excited that you have accomplished what many said you could not.
From reading others questions and the answers you have given, I have assumed that the eCat must be in a vertical position for
proper operation. I would like to hypothetically offer a physics question on this issue.
If an eCat were mounted on a centrifugal rotating base so that the axis of force is now ‘vertical’ to the eCat…
Could you use an electrically conductive ‘slip ring’ to provide a path of current for your electrical load ?
Thanks if you can answer my question(s)
Jeff Smathers
Jeff Smathers,
To answer would be necessary to make experiments, but…to which avail ?
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
Instead of “rectangular ovoid-shaped”, that should probably be “rectangular cuboid-shaped”– much easier to visualize too. 😉
WaltC
WaltC:
Thank you for the suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
I was wandering if it’s possible to organize a q&a session with your licensee. He can stay Anonymous but answer some of those questions that you cannot. We can use a social to do it or it can be organized with Frank Acland.
The best of luck and success for all of you.
Warm Regards,
Alfonso Troisi
Alfonso Troisi Lopez:
Obviously, the questions I cannot answer are the questions they want not to answer so far,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
You mentioned the possibility of increased volumetric power density (kW/liter) with a potential 100W version of the Ecat. A potential application-set for a higher density device would be the brick-shaped (rectangular ovoid-shaped) lithium batteries used in hundreds of different devices. (E.g., mobility chairs, golf carts, oxygen concentrators, portable power stations, uninterruptable power supplies, security alarm backup supplies…)
At 1-hour of usage, lithium ion batteries have a power density of 300-700 W/L. The Ecat is currently spec’d at 120 W/L, so if an ambitious goal of a 3 to 6-fold increase in power density for the Ecat were possible, millions of such devices could be quickly switched from rechargeable, 1-hr Li-ion batteries to semi-permanent, 3-yr Ecat batteries.
3-6x improvement doesn’t seem impossible, given what you’ve already achieved, does it?
Best Wishes,
WaltC
Dear Readers:
The interview with Frank Acland whose link you can find in the comment of Frank published here today at 11:27 a.m. includes the report of the Ecat Team activity of October,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Readers:
Today has been published on the Journal of Nuclear Physics my paper
” Ecat SK and Long Range Particle Interactions “,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for the interview on October 24th, here is the link:https://youtu.be/ZLNq7btNvPY?si=zey2NhtGnWn7O2-8
One question I should have asked: Will it be possible for those who pre-ordered a 12V DC producing E-Cat NGU, to change that preorder to a 230V AC producing unit?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Thank you again for having me and for the link.
Answer: all the persons that sent a pre-order are and will be free to change it or cancel it anytime and also when they will be contacted for the delivery.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
Please inform your many readers, if you can (yes/no/don’t know/not for me to say), when the initial ecat units are shipped and placed into operation by the licensee, will they be in operation in:
1. North America?
2. Europe?
3. Asia?
4. When they are in operation, will their locations be made known to the public?
Thank you for your attention to these matters.
Richard:
This issue does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Allow me to be more specific – for the prototype specific 22 kV European Grid Power Generation currently being developed
Questions:
1. What will be Voltage, generated by the ensemble of NGU Power Generators, that feeds the DC to AC inverters?
2. What be the output Voltage of the inverters?
3. Will the inverters by single phase or three phase?
4. Will transformers be used to reach the European Grid Voltage level of 22 kV?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. Depends on the demand od the electric distributor: normally 20/22 kV
2. depends on the situations
3. same as in 2
4. same as in 3
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Yes, I have seen the patent reference but doesn’t the glass lense and the photovoltaic chip being delicate high precision optical objects require protection from high energy electrons and plasma interactions? Thank you for your response.
axil:
inside the plasma reactor there are not PV chips and the plasma reactor must be made by means of idoneous materials depending on the specific situations, that can be of different kinds depending on the specific situations, as explained in the patent you cited; besides, the magnet’s purpose cited in my former answer limits the heat exchange forcing the electrons to go in straight line toward the target,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Is the function of the magnet (item 4 in your SK patent) to keep the plasma away from the reaction chamber walls (item 2 in your SK patent).
axil:
The magnet forces the electrons to run in straight line toward the target, as it has been disclosed in the patent you cited,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Since they are in contact with their licensees, could they find out what the approximate schedule looks like? So the announcement of the technology and also the release of the products. If the first products are to be delivered this year, these points would apply beforehand. Maybe a question about the November update, or even earlier?
Greetings Tommek
Tommek:
I am not able to answer yet, because this issue does not depend on me. As much as I am aware of, the deliveries could still start within this year,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
The core of the 10W and 100W Ecat
1) is where biasing determines the direction of electron flow?
2) is gaseous filled glass receptical?
3) is a gaseous filled metal receptical?
4) is a semi conductor device (at least in part)
5) is a capacitor like storage device? (you once wrote about custom designed capacitors)
Steve D:
Sorry, but:
1. confidential
2. confidential
3. confidential
4. confidential
5. confidential
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Some clarification – 22 kV European Grid Power Generation
As I understand the concept – ECat NGU Power Generators will provide electrical power to supply 22 kV European Grid Power.
Questions:
1. What will be Voltage, generated by the ensemble of NGU Power Generators, that feeds the DC to AC inverters?
2. What be the output Voltage of the inverters?
3. Will the inverters by single phase or three phase?
4. Will transformers be used to reach the Grid Voltage level of 22 kV?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
1. depends on the specific situations
2. same as in 1
3. same as in 1
4. same as in 1
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
is your global licensee in contact with a car manufacturer ?
Ronaldo:
Not as I am aware of,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Readers,
Please go to
http://www.rossilivecat.com
to find comments published in other posts of this blog,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
David – UK,
Suggestions: I doubt that Tesla Energy would be based on carbon-derived fuels and it will definitely be non-nuclear. Tesla has a great deal of experience in solar panels and large battery storage devices. I strongly suspect a PhotoVoltaic generation source, with large batteries to store energy for off-sunlight conditions, and use of conventional solar inverter technology to covert DC to AC to produce European Grid power.
I doubt that Tesla would be an early adapter of eCat technology when they have a UK license to produce Grid power. That might come later. Perhaps the approach of solar panels supplemented with eCat generators. On the other hand, since the UK has a high latitude and weather conditions not desirable for a solar panel approach, Tesla might quickly expand the energy generation to a newer, 24/7 approach.
Dear Readers, here in the UK the Tesla conpany has applied and been granted a license to sell electrical power to the UK market. Presumably this electricity will be competitive or cheaper than that from other suppliers. An interesting question – where will Tesla be acquring or producing this energy?. Any suggestions?.
Dr Rossi,
Did the Latina test with the Renault Twizy trigger technological improvements of the Ecat technology ?
Did it bear a new R&D stream ?
Best
JPR
Jean Paul Renoir:
1- No
2- No
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
1. How and in what form will the public learn about the development and production of ECat-based power sources by your industrial partner this year?
2. Will there be an official presentation of the 22 kV substation and 10 W and 100 W ECat to the global public?
Sincerely,
Yury Evdokimov
Yury Evdokimov:
These issues will not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Does the 100W or the 10W NGU include a discharge tube with an electron emitter cathode.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Comparing the 10W reactor with the 100W and the prototype 500W reactors, is the essential difference the reaction area?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
If the 100W is technically the same as the 10W NGU and the technical solution include a discharge tube as the E-CatSK demonstration in Stockholm in 2019, is it so that the 100W has 10 cathode emitters while the 10W NGU has only one cathode.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
No,
Warm Ragards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Following your reply that the 100W is not a performance upgrade of the 10W NGU, is the 100W made of ten technically the same solution as the 10W NGU or is the 100W made of a technically different solution.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
Basically the same,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
Is the 100W a performance uppgrade of the 10W NGU?
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
is still coherent with the Ecat technology the paper “Ecat SK and long range particle interactions” now re-published in the website http://www.ecat.com ?
Jan:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Anrea Rossi
Thanks for your answers,
Point 6 related to the possibility of older 100 test units being qualified for the current use. But I think that question is obsolete given your answers to the earlier points.
It’s good to hear that development continues and improves.
I imagine things are happening very fast behind the scenes
I’m looking forward to hearing about the first devices both substantial and the smaller units.
Best Regards
Stephen
Stephen:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
I recall that in the days of the mainly thermal ecats before the quark QX devices you had larger devices such as the ecat X and ecat SK. The Quark was considered as a kind of optimal minimal sized device at the time. Later developments were based on the QX and these evolved into the electrical ecats SKL and NGU devices. Is this correct?
Whilst 10W cells are optimal for domestic uses and appliances.100W reactors and larger clearly are more optimal for large installations such as 1MW substations etc.easier to build maintain and monitor and less components so better reliability etc.
1. Is the new 100W device a move back to larger volume reactors?
2. Or is it rather that you have found a way to optimize the small volume ones that made the 10W pucks to produce higher electricity output?
3. Some combination of the two.
4 does the change require significant changes to the manufacturing of the units?
5 or is it that a the retesting has qualified the existing process for higher energy put?
6. I think in the past you have mentioned 100W units so I suppose the capability is still there even it’s a different reactor to the 10W ones. Just a matter of bringing on line and qualifying it maybe?
Anyway good luck with this I think it makes a lot of sense for the substation approach.
I will the smaller units based in 10W cells still be produced?
Best Regards
Stephen
Stephen:
1- no
2- no
3- no
4- no
5- yes
6- I do not understand exactly what you mean: can you rephrase ?
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
First of all, I would like to offer my apologies for my earlier complaints regarding the possible delay in deliveries to smaller customers.
Like many of us, I have been trying for quite some time to understand the technology behind the E-Cat as thoroughly as possible, which also allows me to speak about it with enthusiasm to others. It remains a fascinating concept—especially since so many continue to claim that it contradicts the laws of nature, quod non.
While thinking, reading, and researching the possible phenomena involved, I quickly realized how incredibly complex—and above all, costly—the research materials must be that are needed to create and refine the core of the E-Cat. I therefore have great respect for the major customers and investors supporting your product. After all, your team could just as well have discovered that it might never become economically viable.
From now on, I will patiently await my turn for delivery.
With respectful regards,
Koen
Koen Vandewalle,
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
The 10W NGU is sold for $25 = $2.5/Watt. Now that there is a new core 100W I would believe your Licensee will sell it for $2.5/Watt = $250. But honestly, it could be sold for a much lower price while still maintaining the business margin. Could it be so that the 100W core is only a performance upgrade of the 10W core so that the price for the 100W could be 0.25$/Watt? Thank you if you can answer.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
This issue will not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Mr. Rossi,
in your reply to Italo R. you said, the 1 MW reactors will not be made by means of 10 watt modules.
Is this decision the result of the tests your licensee performed in the last weeks?
How long will this decision delay the producton of the 1 MW reactors? Several month? 1 year or more?
Kind regards,
E. Hergen
Hergen:
1- yes
2- no delays, as far as I am aware of,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
the EU has decided to completely abandon Russian gas from 2028. Is it possible that a contract is being prepared behind the scenes between the EU member states, Leonardo and licensees? Will this be a breakthrough for the ECAT?
I mean, without this ECAT alternative…politicians can’t be that naive. Can they?
Kind regards
R.Brand
R.Brand:
Good question,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
you’re now also developing 500-watt ecat units. Is there a size limit, or are 1 kW, 10 kW, 100 kW, etc. units theoretically feasible in the future?
Best regards
Franz
Franz:
I am not able to answer, so far,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
1: Can multiple 22kV NGUs on an electricity grid perform any or all of the the functions listed in [1:] without the addition of Synchroverters to each 22kV NGU?
2: If the answer is no, then how could such a grid operate in a stable and controllable fashion under severe transients?
3: Can 22kV NGUs be programmed to depend on demands sent from the grid operator?
=============
[1:]https://www.synvertec.com/solution-overview
An algorithm for grid stability
The Synchronverter transforms renewable energy inverters into cutting-edge grid stabilizing devices. With the addition of the Synchronverter, inverters play an active role in the stabilization of grids whose considerable renewable energy source (RES) proportions would otherwise create significant instability.
The Synchronverter’s unique technology performs:
1: Stabilization: The grid’s instantaneous reaction (frequency regulation) capabilities are greatly enhanced.
2: Spinning Reserve: The grid is able to mitigate generation loss or an increase in load.
3: Voltage Control: The grid can support power quality and accommodate changes to system voltage levels (reactive power regulation).
4: Standalone: Grids work effectively in “island” mode (lack of grid referencing).
5: Smoothing: Production management of flexible and non-dispatchable load (capacity firming).
=============
[2:] https://www.synvertec.com/solution-overview
The Synchronverter is a patented control algorithm that interacts with inverter switches and emulates the mechanical and electrical properties of a synchronous generator. An algorithm for grid stability
The Synchronverter transforms renewable energy inverters into cutting-edge grid stabilizing devices. With the addition of the Synchronverter, inverters play an active role in the stabilization of grids whose considerable renewable energy source (RES) proportions would otherwise create significant instability.
By integrating with existing renewable energy inverters, the Synchronverter transforms them into a virtual synchronous generator device – without any inverter design changes. This is accomplished via an add-on control device that integrates with the inverter’s controller and utilizes a small, ultra-fast-response energy bank.
The Synchronverter enhances yields and maximizes the utilization of electricity provided by renewable energy sources in traditional and micro/smart grid topologies. The Synchronverter is IP protected, easy-to-implement and extremely well tested in diverse conditions.
The algorithm causes conventional AC/DC converters to mimic synchronous generators and create the inertia required for generating a stabilizing effect.
The Synchronverter mimics local control loops similar to synchronous generators’ classical control, generating the active participation of power sources in grid stabilization. This is accomplished in harmony with other generators on the grid.
The control algorithm computes the induced voltages on the virtual generator’s stator winding (from the currents, angular position and angular velocity) at any given moment, without lags or tracking errors.
Droop coefficients and complex non-linear droop curves can be easily imposed via the control processor software. They can also be programmed to depend on demands sent from the grid operator.
The difference between 230V and 240V is primarily due to historical voltage standards that have been harmonized to a single nominal voltage for greater compatibility. While 240V was historically the standard in countries like the UK, and 220V was common in mainland Europe, the 230V standard and wider tolerance bands (e.g., +10%/-6%) were established to ensure that appliances would work in both regions. In practice, most modern electrical systems still operate within a range that is compatible with both, and modern devices are designed to handle this variation, so the practical difference is negligible.
================
[3:] https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/12/14/ever-heard-of-synchroinverters-grid-stabilizing-devices-connecting-renewables-to-distributed-energy-resources/
14 Dec 2021 — Synchroinverters are a special kind of smart inverter that mimics a synchronous generator and are able to avoid grid voltage frequency fluctuations and faults.
…
“The inverter will react to any changes in the grid in the same way a generator would; just much faster, in a cost-effective way, and [they] thereby play an active role in grid stability,” the spokesperson went on to say. “It is important to stress that the provision of frequency and voltage support is done simultaneously.”
…
can be embedded into any three-phase inverter.
Paul Dodgshun:
I am not able to answer your questions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Are you partecipating to the management of the global licensee of Leonardo Corporation ?
Sara:
No,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
I believe the current configuration of the 1 MW 22 kV generator relies on a very large number of 10 W units (approximately 100,000).
Given the complexity of this approach, I believe this is why your licensee has asked you to evaluate the development of more powerful 500 W units.
This would reduce the total required to just 2,000 units, significantly speeding up assembly.
My question is: while we wait for the 500 W units, is production of the 1 MW generator with 10 W units still progressing?
In any case, this remains an incredible important milestone in the energy sector.
Kind regards,
Italo R.
Italo R.:
The 1 MW plants will not be made by means of 10 W modules,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Does the R&D team that are testing the new 100 Watt and 500 watt monolithic cores using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to check for transmutation damage during the tests of these units.
axil:
We do not have any transmutations.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
Thanks for the answers.
I see that Steve D, now on October 19, operates with figures of 3.3 W/cm^3 which in in opposision to the data-sheet.
Since a liter is 1000 cm^3, an effect of 3.3 W per cm^3 would -given approx. 3.3 kW/liter!!! The data-sheet say: 0,120kW/liter.
In my question 1, from yesterday, there is a call to take a closer look at some numbers that are actually strongly contradictory in the pointed out data-sheet. My interpretations here are based on the following:
A 10 W Ecat with a diameter of 6 cm and a height of 3 cm has a volume of: (h x Pi x R^2) = (3 cm x 3.14 x 3 cm^2 = close to 85 cm^3). One liter is, as known: 1000 cm^3. 85cm^3 is therefore close to 1/12 of a liter.
With 10W power, this becomes: 10W x 12 = close to 120W/ liter. Here, the data-sheet therefore agrees with the stated 0.120 kW/liter!!!
10 such simple units thus constitute 100W and have a volume of 10 x 0.085 liters = 0.85 liters.
From a volume of 10 liters, you get a maximum of 1.2 kW.
If you want 3kW, the required volume is 3 kW : 0.120 kW/liter = 25 liters!!!
An increase in power to 0.270 kW/liter for larger systems therefore appears to be an error and must be corrected.
A combination of several units may only give a lower figure than 120W/liter.
To question 2, I can actually self give you an answer as follows:
The original 100W unit had, as far as I remember, the dimensions: 7 cm x 7 cm x 9 cm = 441 cm^3.
This gives an output of: 100W : 0.441 liter = approx. 227 W/liter.
This then gives approx. 47% direct volume savings.
A combination of 10 pcs. such “old” 100W units, then provide 1kW and occupy a volume of 4.41 liters.
The volume of my ordered NGU 3kW is stated, in the data sheet, as a volume of 11.3 liters.
This means that it must provide 3.77 kW/liter??? This is incorrect in relation to the basic data given in the fact-sheet.
From the performance of the “old” 100W unit it appears that the energy density in ZPE, including approx. 10% loss, must be: 227 : 0.9 = approx. 250W/liter.
Having this figure scientifically confirmed seems to be a necessity for those who are to deliver Ecat.
Regarding the weight ratios, I recommend that you do the calculation yourself, as I am unsure of the figures given in the aforementioned data-sheet.
You can find your own datasheet here: https://ecatthenewfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/E-Cat-Power-NGU-DataSheet-2024-12-3.pdf Take a thorough look at this before you gives me you answer.
Questions 4 and 5 are very important in this context. Both deal with whether the technology, you are currently using, is “infinitely scalable” in a single cell.
Is it possible to make a single Ecat cell that produces 1 MW or more??? And Why not?
Regards: Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight.
My answers remain,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Sono contento di quello che sta accadendo. E’ dal 2011 che ti seguo costantemente, anche se non intervengo su questo forum. Mi piace che continui a condividere con tutti noi le informazioni sugli sviluppi. Ho sempre un po paura per te. Ci sono in ballo cose grandi. E’ una rivoluzione che spingerà l’umanita ad accelerare la conoscenza della vita. Mi preocccupo delle parti della società che giustamente tenterà di rallentare questo processo per proteggersi da questo tsunami. Potreggiti Andrea. Vola basso anche se nel tuo piccolo stai volando alto. Sto anche cambiando la mia opinione. Pensavo di staccarmi dalla dipendenza dal pagare l’energia ai fornitori e rendermi libero. Questi ultimi cambiamenti mi hanno fatto provare una brutta sensazione. Ma alla fine ho capito che era il mio egoismo a provocare questo senzazioni. Poi ho capito. La cosa importante è che abbiamo energia pulita. La dipendenza e l’indipendenza entrambi sono da evitare. Mi piace sempre il concentto di interdipendenza. Quindi ho cambiato idea. Non mi serve un ecat, mi serve che questa tecnologia segui la strada piu efficace per immettersi in funzione e che “gradualmente” trasformi il mondo. Questa e’ filosofia ma penso che sia qualcosa che possa aiutare anche altri a riflettere.
ENGLISH:
I’m happy with what’s happening. I have been following you constantly since 2011, even if I don’t intervene on this forum. I love that you continue to share information about developments with all of us. I’m always a little scared for you. There are big things at stake. It is a revolution that will push humanity to accelerate the knowledge of life. I worry about the parts of society that will rightly try to slow this process to protect themselves from this tsunami. Stand by Andrea. Fly low even if in your own small way you are flying high. I’m also changing my opinion. I thought I would break away from the addiction to paying energy suppliers and set myself free. These latest changes gave me a bad feeling. But in the end I realized that it was my selfishness that was causing these feelings. Then I understood. The important thing is that we have clean energy. Dependence and independence both are to be avoided. I always like the concept of interdependence. So I changed my mind. I don’t need an ecat, I need this technology to follow the most effective path to be put into operation and to “gradually” transform the world. This is philosophy but I think it’s something that can help others to reflect too.
Andrea, se trovi errori nelle traduzione correggili , ho usato il traduttore di google.
Con rispetto e ammirazione
Francesco Poscetti
Francesco Poscetti:
Thank you for your support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
You recently confirmed to WaltC that the ratio between volume and power production for the 100 W module was more favorable than for the 10 W module.
In E-Cat-Power-NGU-DataSheet-2024-12-3.pdf the figures appear to be the same at 0.12 kW/liter.
For composite units from 1 to 10 kW the figure appears to be the same at 0.27kW/liter, but with increasing kW/kg.
This leads to new questions:
1. Are there any changes here today and what are these figures now?
2. Are the production costs per kW reduced when the module sizes increase?
3. When will more detailed information about the 500 W modules be available?
4. Do you see a size limitation for individual modules, in the reactor technology you currently use?
5. Where, if so, does this boundary seem to lie?
Regards, Svein
Svein:
1. no
2. I am not able to answer so far
3- I am not able to answer so far
4. I do not understand exactly your question: please rephrase more specifically
5. Same as in 4
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea ,
Is the 100 Watt Ecat 230V – 50 Hz supplied with a DC to AC converter ?
And what if we now want to connect 4 Ecats of 100 W = 400 W to the grid ?
Will 1 converter for the 400 W – 230 V be supplied, or will there still be 4 ?
And is that 1 or 4 converters included in the price of the Ecat ?
If not, what will the cost be ?
.
Thanks
Martin
Martin:
Please see the data shets on http://www.ecat.com
Specific situations will be discussed when the Clients will be contacted for the deliveries,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Are you seeing transmutation of elements and/or matter destruction occur while the 100W and 500W cores are in operation?
Have you taken steps to avoid this issue from causing availability/reliability problems?
Does the partner understand that these types of issues arise when the power density of the cores increase beyond the 10 watt level.
axil:
1- no
2- n.a.
3- it does not happen
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
The 100W and prototype 500W reactors are good news. I repost below your earlier correspondence with SNK.
1) Is the volume of the 100W reactor greater than the 10W?
2) Is the volume of the 500W reactor greater than the 100W?
3) Does the below discussed rule still apply, otherwise can you clarify the 100W and 500W reactor volumes?
4) If rule has changed have other features been introduced such as a drive rate increase?
2024-08-01 14:21 Steven Nicholes Karels
Dear Andrea Rossi,
So, the power output linear proportional to the reactor volume? Or approximately 3.3W per CC?
2024-08-01 15:13 Andrea Rossi
Steven Nicholes Karels:
It is proportional: yes, moreless 3.3 W/cm^3
Warm Regards
A.R.
Steve D:
I confirm what I have already said in my former answers about the 500 W; the 500 W is still a prototype and so far no final data are available,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Thanks for the great info about the 100 W units, and now even 500 W units! I have been hoping for this development, good job!
Larger units will simplify assembling into larger power banks. Maybe even 1kW and more may be achieveable further down the road.
Another advantage may be that a single 100 W unit may take up less space than ten 10 W units?
Also congratulations with the first 1 MW order, that is an important step for you and your partner!
Kind regards
Viggo Kleven
Viggo Kleven:
Thank you for your kind support,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
i have pre-ordered 1 KW ecat. Has it been decided yet whether these will consist of 10 watt, 100 watt or 500 watt ecat units?
Joachim
Joachim:
No, the 500 W module is still undee R&D,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Is it true that Agip Nucleare (ENI Group) in 1980 bought your technology to make oil from organic wastes patented in 1977 ?
Best,
Johnny Beaumont
Johnny Beaumont:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
In terms of the 10W, the 100W, and the prototype 500W units, doe each of these different types have a single reactor?
Steven Nicholes Karels:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
Indeed, the choice to build individual modules capable of delivering higher power outputs, up to 500W, would allow for much less complex assembly for devices requiring high power (e.g., 1 MW).
A smaller number of modules for the same total power output would require less wiring and easier internal assembly.
It would likely reduce the overall volume while increasing reliability (fewer devices susceptible to failure).
I realize this is a technological challenge, but one you’ll be able to tackle with all your experience.
Kind regards,
Italo R.
Italo R.:
Thank you for your suggestions,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
The announcement about maintaining the production of the 100 W units was interesting.
Based on the announcement that 22kV – 1 MW plants will be the first in regular production, this seems reasonable, especially if quality benefits can be achieved in addition.
In this context, I would like to ask if there are also thoughts about larger units?
1 kW and preferably also 10 kW could be relevant if production, price and quality conditions, in large plants, can be improved by increasing the size of the individual units.
In terms of energy, however, 10 Watts must be considered a miniaturization.
Regards: Svein
Svein:
Yes, we are testing 500 W prototypes, upon request of the Global Licensee,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
a 21-year-old student, Julian Brown, invented Plastoline, a reactor that apparently produces fuel oil from plastic through a pyrolysis reaction using microwaves generated with electricity from solar panels. This is the link:
https://www.reddit.com/r/blackmen/comments/1mqi7pn/julian_brown_creates_plastoline_a_plastic_waste/?tl=it
Could it be real?
This process reminds me what you did with Petroldragon many years ago.
Kind Regards,
Italo R.
Italo R.:
In the year 1977 I patented the system to make fuel from organic wastes; the patent expired in 1997. Eventually I made an industry based on that patent; for more info about its destiny see:
http://www.ingandrearossi.com
In the year 2000 I made another patent on the same matter in the USA ( USPTO Patent # 6,051,110, granted on April 18 2000, expired in the year 2020 ), in collaboration with the CEO of BioEnergy’s wood treatment facility, located in New Hampshire, of which I was an employee.
After my patents, many imitations have been made around the world, even with modifications, included the system to make fuel from organic wastes presently made in Italy by ENI.
When I patented it in 1977 the most common comment was “This is an impossible invention”…
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
It’s interesting to hear of a potential, new 100 W unit. Do you think it is possible that the 100 W unit will have higher volumetric power density (kW/liter) than the 10 W unit?
Best Wishes,
WaltC
WaltC:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
Will the 100 W unit be made up of one 100 W unit or ten 10 W units ?
Donz
Don Zucchiatti:
Good question: it has been decided to make also 100 W units after series of tests,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. Rossi,
There are many of us who are eager to see that your fantastic invention is real. Do you and your Partners intend to announce when the first 22kW 1 MW installation in the sub-station is operational? And if so, will you share a photo of the sub-station with the container? It would be a day for a great celebration. Thank you.
Kind regards,
Calle H
Calle H:
This decision will not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
SULLA. “RIVISTA “CHE. OGNI QUALTANTO SEGUO MI PARE CHE FRA POCO DOVREI ESSERE CONTATTATO PER FISSARE LA. DATA PER LA SPEDIZIONE DEI MIEI “ECAT” !!! IO. MI RIPETO FORSE , MA SPERO DI ESSERE CONTATTATO IL PRIMA POSSIBILE E ORDINARE 2 “ECAT” DA 20 MEGA DI TIPO TRIFASE !!!!!!!!!!!!
ENGLISH:
My group is interested to order up to 20 MW Threephase
Giannino Ferro Casagrande:
I passed on your message to our Global Licensee.
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Mr Rossi,
can you explain which are exactly your duties in the context of the global licensee ?
Ron:
As the chief scientist I continue the R&D for the evolution of the Ecat,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Can you tell us where the Global Licensee will manufacture the Ecats ?
Best,
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
USA, Asia, Europe,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi,
Will the specifications of the 22kV and 230V units be published and available for (pre)order this year?
Do you expect that many who planned to build their own 230V unit, comprising Ecats, battery, inverter might change their order to your factory built option?
Steve D:
It will be possible to discuss these options only when the persons that sent the pre-order will be contacted for the delivery and the Clients will be free to decide if to turn the not binding pre-order into a regular order or not,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hi Andrea,
The US Army is starting Janus Program, a next-generation nuclear power program that will deliver resilient, secure, and assured energy to support national defense installations and critical missions.
The program will build commercial microreactors through a nimble, milestone-based contracting model in partnership with the Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), accelerating delivery of advanced energy solutions to the warfighter.
Andrea, I think your E-Cats fit these requirements perfectly. Why not to apply to this one?
https://www.army.mil/article/288903/army_announces_janus_program_for_next_generation_nuclear_energy
Rafal:
The Ecat is not a nuclear reactor,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi:
Now you are talking about a new Ecat configuration, 230 V AC, which is very interesting, something useful for everyone! I can imagine high demand for this kind of cat. When will this be available for order, or preorder?
Regards, Ecat Enthusiast
Ecat Enthusiast:
The answer does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Hi Andrea,
Still sure the deliveries will start in 2025 ?
Mark Hofer
Mark Hofer:
I still hope so,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Do you have the guarantee that the Ecats will be delivered ?
Anonymous:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Has been decided the design of the body of the basic Ecat ?
Ambrogio:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
I thank you for your recent answers to my 5 questions.
My understanding is that the answer to the “core question” 1. tells what your licensees must ensure is taken care of, -before further investments are made.
Otherwise, the answer from AI that Axil presented, shows that your licensees must specialize their efforts in only producing: “10W Ecat Power elements”.
This can be illustrated with another element that provides electrical energy: “1.5V-AAA battery”.
These are included in thousands of different products that are dependent on energy/voltage supply.
Battery manufacturers only supply the aforementioned elements, not the complex electrotechnical products that require one or more power supply batteries.
Our entire business is built on effective specialization.
This also applies to the manufacture of cables for use in large and small electrical networks.
Cable manufacturers only supply elements that connect the entire network.
Generators and transformers are manufactured by specialized suppliers.
Nor do any of these engage in mining to extract the necessary amount of steel, copper, aluminum and other materials that are included in turbines, generators or cables.
Construction companies carry out the assembly, line laying and burying of cables.
The network owner concentrates on the continuous operation of the complex facility.
Today is the “1-year anniversary” of a well-written document:
https://ecatthenewfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/E-Cat-Power-Whitepaper-October-14-2024.pdf
I recommend everyone to read this thoroughly.
Here are the global market opportunities for “10WEcat”.
Regards: Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
1) Is the idea for home heating with the 230V AC E-Cat to power normal resistive electric heaters?
2) Will the 230V AC E-Cat be able to power other normal household appliances and devices?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
1- yes
2- yes
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
will the single 10W Ecat unit be the same for both the 22kV modules and the 230V ones?
Regards, Giuseppe
Giuseppe Censorio:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea,
Thank you for your reply to my previous question.
So the E-Cats generating 230V AC would be the solution for people who want to heat their homes with E-Cat power?
Best wishes,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Yes,
Warm Regards
A.R.
Dear Andrea
The comprehensive explanations of conditions in electrical networks that Axil has presented will probably mean that more than me see simplifications here must be a goal for both electricity producers and users around the globe.
The use of 22 kV units can be a contribution here.
Home use of Ecat seems, to me, far more efficient.
This both in connection with existing networks and where such do not yet exist.
I would like to ask you the following:
1. Is it now, or during 2025, possible to provide evidence that the availability of ZPE and its energy density enable the production of electricity as presented in https://ecatthenewfire.com/? (Excluding the lifetime assumptions!)
2. Do you consider the current production method for 10W Ecats to be acceptable enough to market 230/240V units in various sizes that are adapted to the residential market?
3. Do the contractual relationships that exist between L.C. and the licensee allow L.C. to purchase 10W Ecats from their production and resell these under its own control?
4. Does L.C. have the opportunity to further develop additional equipment that may be necessary in connection with the successful use of Ecat directly in homes?
5. Can L.C. enter into development contracts with other suppliers for equipment as mentioned in point 4?
Regards: Svein
Svein:
1- I think so
2- yes
3- confidential
4- yes, in collaboration with the Licensee
5- only in collaboration with the Licensee
Warm Regards
A.R.
I don’t beleive it. The partner will initially setup only one production line to build the 22Kv system for the electric utility marketplace. I judge that Dr. Rossi’s response to Frank Acland’s question is just an opinion or a hope for a future situation rather than a solid commitment from management.
I asked the AI this question:
If a manufacturer was to setup production of a new product using many new worldwide production factories, would proper management and marketing procedures require them to concentrate on initially building a single mainline product, or would they gain advantage in supporting many production lines for optional variations of the product,
AI answer
For a manufacturer establishing multiple new worldwide production factories, proper management and marketing procedures overwhelmingly favor concentrating on a single, mainline product initially. Launching many production lines for variations simultaneously would compound risks, costs, and operational complexities at a critical early stage. A concentrated, single-product approach is the industry standard for minimizing startup risk and building a strong foundation for future expansion.
The concentrated single-product approach
Manufacturing and operations management
Achieve economies of scale: Producing a single product in high volumes across multiple facilities is the most efficient way to achieve significant economies of scale. This lowers the average production cost per unit, providing a competitive pricing advantage.
Simplify logistics: Managing a worldwide supply chain for one product is far simpler than for many. Operations teams can streamline the sourcing of materials, coordinate manufacturing processes, and optimize distribution, reducing complexity and potential for error.
Enhance quality control: By focusing on one product, a manufacturer can more effectively standardize production processes across all new factories. This leads to consistent, high-quality output and makes it easier to troubleshoot and correct any defects that arise.
Increase efficiency: A concentrated approach minimizes the costly and time-consuming interruptions required for re-tooling and re-sequencing production lines for different products. This improves overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and operational efficiency.
Master the process: Focusing resources and expertise on one product allows management and factory staff to master the production process. This leads to higher yields, less waste, and greater productivity.
Marketing and strategy
Build a strong brand: A single “hero” product can be the cornerstone of an entire brand. By dedicating all marketing resources to a unified message, the manufacturer can create a clear brand identity and position the product effectively in the marketplace.
Validate product-market fit: Concentrating efforts on one product is the quickest way to validate market demand. If the core product succeeds, the company can confidently invest in expanding its product line. If it fails, the company has fewer resources at risk.
Focus resources: Launching multiple products at once dilutes a company’s marketing budget, messaging, and creative energy. A single-product strategy allows for focused, high-impact marketing campaigns that are easier to test and refine.
Minimize market risk: Relying on one product carries risk, but relying on a suite of new, unproven products is even riskier for a new factory network. Market changes or new competitors could threaten the entire lineup. A successful single product can be the foundation for diversification later, mitigating long-term risk.
When a multi-product approach could work
While generally not recommended for an initial launch with new factories, a multi-product approach might be considered in specific circumstances where the risks are manageable and a strong operational base already exists:
Economies of scope: If a manufacturer can produce a variety of related products using the same equipment and processes with minimal adjustments, they can achieve economies of scope. The costs of operating the facilities are spread across multiple products, lowering the average total cost of production.
Complementary products: Offering a multi-product line could be a viable strategy if the products are complementary and serve a similar purpose. For example, a hair care brand might launch a shampoo, conditioner, and hair mask at the same time to provide a complete solution.
Established distribution channels: If the manufacturer can leverage existing, robust distribution channels for its product categories, launching multiple product lines might make sense to capture maximum market share immediately.
Risks of launching with multiple product variations
Diluted resources: Spreading finite resources across multiple product lines can weaken the performance of each one. This dilution affects everything from manufacturing efficiency to marketing budget allocation.
Management complexity: Managing multiple, complex production lines and a global supply chain is far more difficult than managing a single product line. This increases the chance of logistical errors and quality control issues.
Market confusion: A fragmented product line with various options can confuse customers, especially a new market, making it harder for the brand to establish a clear identity.
Risk of brand dilution: If a lower-quality variant is produced, it can negatively impact the entire brand, not just that single product. Each additional variation introduces another variable that could fail and damage the brand’s new reputation.
Advantages of a single mainline product
Cost efficiency: A single product streamlines operations across new factories, minimizing setup costs and maximizing economies of scale. A simplified supply chain is easier to manage and less expensive to operate.
Quality control: With a single, uniform production process across multiple new facilities, manufacturers can more easily establish consistent quality standards. This minimizes the risk of product defects that could damage the brand’s reputation early on.
Focused marketing: A single product allows marketing efforts to be highly focused, building strong brand recognition and trust with customers. This concentrated messaging makes the initial market entry more impactful.
Operational learning: The company and its new production teams can focus on perfecting one product. The valuable knowledge gained will streamline the launch of future products and variations.
Risk reduction: Launching multiple new products and factories simultaneously significantly multiplies the risk. If the mainline product fails, the company is at risk. But if any of many variations fail, the entire brand is potentially tarnished.
Hybrid approach for eventual expansion
The manufacturer can pursue a strategy of phased expansion by starting with a core mainline product and, once production and market entry are stable, introducing variations over time. This approach offers a balance between the advantages of focus and the benefits of diversification.
Phase 1: Build the core product: Launch a single, high-quality product to build brand awareness, establish a reliable global manufacturing base, and iron out any initial issues.
Phase 2: Introduce variations: Once the core product is successful, use the established manufacturing infrastructure to introduce variations. This could be done by testing different options in specific regional markets to gauge consumer interest.
Phase 3: Broaden the product line: As factories and teams gain expertise and confidence, and market demand for variations is proven, the company can expand the product line on a larger, more permanent scale.
Dear Andrea,
Will the E-Cats that generate current at 230 V be available for home use?
Many thanks,
Frank Acland
Frank Acland:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr. A. Rossi
Will your global licensee manufacture 22 kV substations for its own use or for sale to interested third-party buyers?
With best wishes,
Yury Evdokimov
Yury Evdokimov:
To third party buyers, as far as I am aware of,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Greetings Andrea,
I’m curious how will those of us on the outside hear about concrete aspects of the E-cat sales from sources independent from yourself? This will be interesting to follow around the end of the year and anything you can do to help our curiosity will be appreciated.
Steve Albers:
The answer is in your question: how can I answer about things independent from me ?
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Will the Ecats be manufactured also for heating houses ?
Giuseppe Santoni:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Do you think that the Ecats will be manufactured by your global Licensee in the USA as well as in Europe and Asia ?
Rick:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea Rossi
This publication I found in the internet maybe of interest to you, your partners or other readers:
https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/high-voltage-substation-market/amp
Best regards
Stephen
Stephen:
Thank you for the link,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr Rossi,
Will the cat be able also to generate current at 230 V AC ?
Anonymous:
Yes,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Andrea
It now seems that some 22 kV units will be the first, when it comes to Ecat.
These are clearly intended as additional supply to existing transformers at the same kV level.
The amount of energy that each of these consumes is according to you: 1 MW.
This entails the use of 100,000 pcs. of 10W Ecats in each 22 kV unit.
This is enough to supply about 500 homes with their annual electricity consumption.
If the initial target is to deliver 10 units, this will require the production of 1 million 10W Ecats by 2026.
The energy production from these will have no demonstrable effects on either US or global energy consumption or CO2 emissions, but will reassure interested global buyers that this solution is a true reality.
After a few years of use, it will also be revealed whether the expected lifespan of 10 years is realistic.
The various global markets for the use of Ecat can thus be created.
Thousands of production plants will then come on a global basis.
The company that has now acquired the rights to Ecat must deal with the current contract with L. C.
What this says is a matter between L. C and the licensees.
The 22 kV systems must be carried out in accordance with the current technical requirements and laws.
The energy customers do not seem to be exposed to any risk.
The company can therefore easily take care of its owners’ risk conditions and their ongoing decisions.
The value of the delivered energy can, in terms of price in many areas of the USA, provide a short payback period for the material deliveries.
It is not unusual for a company to choose a solution that gives them maximum control over their investments.
For the rest of us who have also pre-ordered Ecat, we will have to be patient.
This can prevent our units from being burdened with some “childhood diseases”.
For my own part, I am sure that the opportunities that this discovery/invention provides, -will be exploited by humanity as soon as there is understanding and certainty that Ecat meets what has now been presented by L.C.
(TGTBT will probably be a “bottleneck” here.)
Regards: Svein
Svein:
Thank you for your insight,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
@axil
Thank you for your very interesting search on ChatGPT about the connection of the Ecat as a component of the DER system already employed for the massive solar and eolic plants. Good job,
All the best
Weleda
Dr Rossi,
still in schedule to begin the deliveries within this year ?
Cheers
Ambrogio
Ambrogio:
Not for the time being, as far as I am aware of, although this issue does not depend on me,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dear Dr Andrea Rossi,
never mind the fact that Researchgate has blocked the profile with your publications: when the deliveries of the Ecat will begin, the immense importance of your work will dwarf every miserable attempt to hide the actual evidence of it.
Ad majora !
Roberto
Roberto:
Higher, and to understand why please read the last comments of axil,
Warm Regards,
A.R.
Dr. Rossi,
Is the partner involved in developing an plan for integrating the 22Kw system into the grid? Will this integration process be required for each national or local grid into which the 22Kw system is to be installed?
More on DER system’s integration from the AI as follows:
The comment “The 22 kV units of 1 MW will supply intermediate power line stations and will merge in their current flow, to be treated in their transformers” outlines a specific, medium-voltage (MV) grid connection scenario.
While a small-scale DER might only require a single, dedicated transformer, your described setup involves multiple 1 MW units feeding into “intermediate power line stations” before merging. This implies a more complex system for managing and synchronizing the power flow from several sources before stepping it up or down for the wider grid.
Here is what that implies:
A complex aggregation point: The “intermediate power line stations” are aggregation points where the output of multiple 1 MW DERs is collected. This requires sophisticated coordination to ensure their currents merge without causing grid instability.
Potential for grid issues: Integrating multiple 1 MW sources at a single point can introduce technical challenges, such as voltage fluctuations, power quality issues (harmonics), and the potential for “unintentional islanding,” where a section of the grid remains energized by the DERs after the main grid has gone down.
A “grid-supporting” role: Modern DERs, particularly those above a certain size (like 1 MW), are no longer passive power sources. They are often required to actively participate in grid management by providing services such as voltage regulation and frequency support.
Additional equipment required for DER integration
Integrating these units safely and reliably requires a comprehensive set of additional equipment beyond the DERs’ generation and transformation capabilities.
At the DER site (for each 1 MW unit)
Inverter and power conditioning systems: If the DER uses a DC source (like solar or a battery), an inverter is needed to convert the power to AC. Modern, “advanced” inverters with “grid-forming” capabilities are critical for providing voltage and frequency ride-through and supporting grid stability.
Interface protection relays: These devices are a critical safety feature. They are programmed to detect abnormal grid conditions, such as voltage or frequency deviations, and automatically disconnect the DER to protect both the grid and personnel.
Local switchgear: A switchgear panel at each DER site houses the breakers, switches, and relays. A visible, lockable disconnect switch is required to allow utility personnel to physically isolate the DER for maintenance.
Control and communication interface (RTU): To allow remote monitoring and control, especially for larger facilities, a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is necessary to communicate with the utility’s Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.
At the intermediate power line station (the aggregation point)
Collection bus and switchgear: The individual DER power lines will terminate here and connect to a common bus. This requires robust medium-voltage switchgear to combine the current flows and provide switching capability for maintenance or emergencies.
Advanced protection relays: A higher level of protection is needed at this aggregation point. This may include directional overcurrent protection to prevent power from back-feeding into a faulted section of the grid, as well as relays for voltage and frequency protection.
System-level control: A master control system may be required to coordinate the output of all the connected DERs, manage their response to grid signals, and optimize their combined performance.
Substation transformer: While the individual DERs may have their own transformers, the aggregated power at the intermediate station will likely pass through another transformer to adjust the voltage for the next stage of the transmission or distribution network. This step-up or step-down transformer must be sized for the total capacity of the aggregated DERs.
Metering: A revenue meter is installed to precisely measure the total power contributed to the grid, which is necessary for billing and reconciliation with the utility.
Grid-wide upgrades (if required)
Upgraded distribution feeders: The existing power lines may need to be reinforced or replaced to handle the increased current from multiple DERs, especially if they are designed to flow in only one direction.
System studies: The utility will need to conduct system planning studies to evaluate the impact of the DERs on the grid. These studies will determine the specific equipment and upgrades required to maintain grid stability.
Reactive power support: As more intermittent resources like solar and wind connect, they reduce the grid’s natural inertia and voltage stability. The system may require dedicated equipment, like synchronous condensers or static VAR compensators, to provide reactive power support.
The integration process
Feasibility studies: The process begins with a technical evaluation to determine the impact of the proposed DERs on the local grid.
Interconnection agreement: The project owner signs an agreement with the utility that details all the technical requirements and specifies ownership of the interconnection equipment.
Procurement and installation: The required transformers, switchgear, protection relays, and communication equipment are procured and installed according to the agreement and industry standards like IEEE 1547.
Commissioning and testing: A commissioning process verifies that all components are functioning correctly and that the system can safely operate in parallel with the grid.
Operation and maintenance: Ongoing monitoring and maintenance ensure the DERs continue to operate safely and reliably.
axil:
Ithe A.I. considerations are correct,
Warm Regards,
A.R.